Ohio Valley Banc Corp (OVBC) 10-K exhibit

consolidated statements of condition

	As of December 31
	2025			2024
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Assets

Cash and noninterest-bearing deposits with banks	$	14,845		$	15,704
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		31,052			67,403
Total cash and cash equivalents		45,897			83,107

Securities available for sale		253,906			268,120
Securities held to maturity, net of allowance for credit losses of $1 in 2025 and 2024		5,452			7,049
Restricted investments in bank stocks		5,258			5,007

Total loans		1,196,018			1,061,825
Less: Allowance for credit losses		(11,519	)		(10,088	)
Net loans		1,184,499			1,051,737

Premises and equipment, net		20,509			21,229
Premises and equipment held for sale, net		400			507
Accrued interest receivable		5,476			4,805
Goodwill		7,319			7,319
Bank owned life insurance and annuity assets		43,305			42,048
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net		923			1,024
Deferred tax assets		5,621			7,218
Other assets		4,089			4,242
Total assets	$	1,582,654		$	1,503,412

Liabilities

Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	314,131		$	322,383
Interest-bearing deposits		1,015,536			952,795
Total deposits		1,329,667			1,275,178

Other borrowed funds		44,848			39,740
Subordinated debentures		8,500			8,500
Operating lease liability		923			1,024
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments		871			582
Other liabilities		27,588			28,060
Total liabilities		1,412,397			1,353,084

Contingent Liabilities		—			—

Shareholders’ Equity

Common stock ($1.00 stated value per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 5,490,995 shares issued)		5,491			5,491
Additional paid-in capital		52,321			52,321
Retained earnings		133,007			121,693
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		(1,869	)		(10,484	)
Treasury stock, at cost (779,994 shares)		(18,693	)		(18,693	)
Total shareholders’ equity		170,257			150,328
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,582,654		$	1,503,412

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

consolidated statements of income

For the years ended December 31	2025			2024
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Interest and dividend income:
Loans, including fees	$	73,327		$	64,938
Securities:
Taxable		8,966			5,862
Tax exempt		110			132
Dividends		372			384
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		2,462			4,447
		85,237			75,763
Interest expense:
Deposits		25,408			24,639
Other borrowed funds		1,553			1,702
Subordinated debentures		531			618
		27,492			26,959
Net interest income		57,745			48,804
Provision for credit losses		3,054			2,469
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		54,691			46,335

Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts		3,033			3,039
Trust fees		376			404
Income from bank owned life insurance and annuity assets		986			929
Mortgage banking income		182			163
Electronic refund check / deposit fees		676			675
Debit / credit card interchange income		5,164			4,968
Loss on sale of available for sale securities		(3,747	)		—
Tax preparation fees		641			644
Other		1,659			2,349
		8,970			13,171
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits		24,909			27,782
Occupancy		2,017			1,938
Furniture and equipment		1,328			1,300
Professional fees		1,803			1,873
Marketing expense		1,205			820
FDIC insurance		698			648
Data processing		3,551			3,094
Software		2,363			2,260
Other		6,335			6,415
		44,209			46,130
Income before income taxes		19,452			13,376
Provision for income taxes		3,851			2,377
NET INCOME	$	15,601		$	10,999

Earnings per share	$	3.31		$	2.32

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

consolidated statements of

comprehensive income

For the years ended December 31	2025			2024
(dollars in thousands)

NET INCOME	$	15,601		$	10,999

Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities		7,306			1,211
Reclassification adjustment for realized losses		3,747			—
		11,053			1,211
Related tax (expense) benefit		(2,438	)		(267	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		8,615			944

Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	24,216		$	11,943

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

consolidated statements of changes in

shareholders’ equity

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Treasury Stock			Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	5,470	$	51,842	$	114,871		$	(11,428	)	$	(16,748	)	$	144,007

Net income		—		—		10,999			—			—			10,999
Other comprehensive income, net		—		—		—			944			—			944
Cash dividends, $0.88 per share		—		—		(4,177	)		—			—			(4,177	)
Common stock issued to ESOP, 20,542 shares		21		479		—			—			—			500
Shares acquired for treasury, 82,673 shares		—		—		—			—			(1,945	)		(1,945	)
Balance at December 31, 2024		5,491		52,321		121,693			(10,484	)		(18,693	)		150,328

Net income		—		—		15,601			—			—			15,601
Other comprehensive income, net		—		—		—			8,615			—			8,615
Cash dividends, $0.91 per share		—		—		(4,287	)		—			—			(4,287	)
Balance at December 31, 2025	$	5,491	$	52,321	$	133,007		$	(1,869	)	$	(18,693	)	$	170,257

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

consolidated statements of cash flows

For the years ended December 31	2025			2024
(dollars in thousands)

Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	15,601		$	10,999
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses		3,054			2,469
Depreciation of premises and equipment		1,657			1,676
Accretion of building grant		(3	)		(3	)
Net amortization (accretion) of purchase accounting adjustments		(2	)		(8	)
Net amortization (accretion) of securities		(1,343	)		(1,427	)
Net realized loss on sale of securities		3,747			—
Proceeds from sale of loans in secondary market		1,672			590
Loans disbursed for sale in secondary market		(1,651	)		(588	)
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights		47			52
Gain on sale of loans		(229	)		(215	)
Accretion of purchased loan discount		(1,648	)		—
Amortization of intangible assets		—			8
Deferred tax (benefit) expense		(841	)		(1,180	)
Contribution of common stock to ESOP		—			500
Income from bank owned life insurance and annuity assets		(986	)		(929	)
Change in accrued interest receivable		(671	)		(1,199	)
Change in other liabilities		(561	)		1,891
Change in other assets		242			461
Net cash provided by operating activities		18,085			13,097

Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale		33,201			—
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of securities available for sale		132,961			34,741
Purchases of securities available for sale		(143,285	)		(137,946	)
Proceeds from calls and maturities of securities held to maturity		1,583			919
Purchases of restricted investments in bank stocks		(251	)		(80	)
Redemptions of restricted investments in bank stocks		—			110
Net change in loans		(133,706	)		(90,997	)
Purchases of premises and equipment		(1,037	)		(1,433	)
Disposals of premises and equipment		200			29
Purchases of bank owned life insurance and annuity assets		(500	)		(772	)
Withdrawals from bank owned life insurance and annuity assets		229			246
Net cash (used in) investing activities		(110,605	)		(195,183	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Change in deposits		54,489			148,042
Cash dividends		(4,287	)		(4,177	)
Purchases of treasury stock		—			(1,945	)
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings		10,000			2
Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings		(4,992	)		(4,962	)
Change in other short-term borrowings		100			107
Net cash provided by financing activities		55,310			137,067

Cash and cash equivalents:
Change in cash and cash equivalents		(37,210	)		(45,019	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		83,107			128,126
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	45,897		$	83,107

Supplemental disclosure:
Cash paid for interest	$	26,142		$	28,322
Cash paid for income taxes		4,669			3,585
Operating lease liability arising from obtaining right-of-use asset		90			—

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business: Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (“Ohio Valley”) is a financial holding company registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. Ohio Valley has one banking subsidiary, The Ohio Valley Bank Company (the “Bank”), an Ohio state-chartered bank that is a member of the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) and is regulated primarily by the Ohio Division of Financial Institutions and the Federal Reserve Board. Ohio Valley also has a subsidiary that engages in consumer lending generally to individuals with higher credit risk history, Loan Central, Inc.; and a subsidiary insurance agency that facilitates the receipts of insurance commissions, Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC. The Bank has one wholly-owned subsidiary, Ohio Valley REO, LLC (“Ohio Valley REO”), an Ohio limited liability company, to which the Bank transfers certain real estate acquired by the Bank through foreclosure for sale by Ohio Valley REO. Ohio Valley and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to herein as the “Company.”

The Company provides a full range of commercial and retail banking services from 24 offices located in southeastern Ohio and western West Virginia. It accepts deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts and makes personal, commercial, construction and real estate loans. Substantially all loans are secured by specific items of collateral, including business assets, consumer assets, and commercial and residential real estate. Commercial loans are expected to be repaid from cash flow from business operations. The Company also offers safe deposit boxes, wire transfers and other standard banking products and services. The Bank’s deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). In addition to accepting deposits and making loans, the Bank invests in U. S. Government and agency obligations, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions and investments permitted by applicable law.

The Bank’s trust department provides a wide variety of fiduciary services for trusts, estates and benefit plans and also provides investment and security services as an agent for its customers.

Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ohio Valley and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Bank, Loan Central, Inc., and Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Reclassifications: The consolidated financial statements for 2024 have been reclassified to conform with the presentation for 2025. These reclassifications had no effect on the net results of operations or shareholders’ equity.

Use of Estimates: The accounting and reporting policies followed by the Company conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”) established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.

Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, noninterest-bearing deposits with banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks with maturity terms of less than 90 days. Generally, federal funds are purchased and sold for one-day periods. The Company reports net cash flows for customer loan transactions, deposit transactions, short-term borrowings and interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions.

Debt Securities: The Company classifies securities into held to maturity (“HTM”) and available for sale (“AFS”) categories. HTM securities are those which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. Securities classified as AFS include securities that could be sold for liquidity, investment management or similar reasons even if there is not a present intention of such a sale. AFS securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses included in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

Premium amortization is deducted from, and discount accretion is added to, interest income on securities using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Gains and losses are recognized upon the sale of specific identified securities on the completed trade date.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) – AFS Securities: For AFS debt securities in an unrealized position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For debt securities AFS that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair values has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the ACL are recorded as credit loss expense (or reversal). Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Management made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable from the estimate of credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $1,330 at December 31, 2025 and $1,294 at December 31, 2024.

Management classifies the AFS portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. Government securities, U.S. Government sponsored entity securities, and Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, there was no ACL related to AFS debt securities.

ACL – HTM Securities: Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of HTM securities to present the net amount expected to be collected. HTM securities are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in the Company’s consolidated statements of income in the provision for credit losses. Management classifies the HTM portfolio into two major security types: Obligations of states and political subdivisions and Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. Agency mortgage-backed residential securities consist of only two securities with balances that are not significant. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions, management considers (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. At December 31, 2025, there was $1 in the ACL related to HTM debt securities, unchanged from December 31, 2024. There was no corresponding provision expense during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to a $1 recovery of provision expense during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Management made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable from the estimate of credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $13 at December 31, 2025 and $24 at December 31, 2024.

Restricted Investments in Bank Stocks: As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system and the FRB system, the Bank is required to own a certain amount of stock based on its level of borrowings and other factors and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock and FRB stock are carried at cost, classified as restricted securities, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income.

Loans: Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of unearned interest, deferred loan fees and costs, and an ACL. Interest income is reported on an accrual basis using the interest method and includes amortization of net deferred loan fees and costs over the loan term using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments. The amount of the Company’s recorded investment is not materially different than the amount of unpaid principal balance for loans.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Interest income is discontinued and the loan moved to non-accrual status when full loan repayment is in doubt, typically when the loan payments are past due 90 days or over unless the loan is well-secured or in process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis method until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

The Bank also originates long-term, fixed-rate mortgage loans, with the full intention of being sold to the secondary market. These loans are considered held for sale during the period of time after the principal has been advanced to the borrower by the Bank, but before the Bank has been reimbursed by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, typically within a few business days. Loans sold to the secondary market are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no loans held for sale by the Bank.

ACL - Loans: The ACL for loans is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged off against the ACL when they are deemed uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. The ACL is adjusted through the provision for credit losses and reduced by net charge offs of loans.

The ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Determination of an appropriate ACL is inherently subjective and may have significant changes from period to period.

The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain groups of loans that share similar risk characteristics and evaluation of loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans.

The ACL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the ACL using the following methods:

Portfolio Segment	Measurement Method	Loss Driver

Residential real estate	Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss	National Unemployment, National GDP

Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss	National Unemployment, National GDP
Nonowner-occupied	Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss	National Unemployment, National GDP
Construction	Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss	National Unemployment, National GDP

Commercial and industrial	Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss	National Unemployment, National GDP

Consumer:
Automobile	Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss	National Unemployment
Home equity	Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss	National Unemployment
Other	Cumulative Undiscounted Expected Loss, Remaining Life Method	National Unemployment

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Historical credit loss experience is the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. We apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. In defining historical loss rates and the prepayment rates and curtailment rates used to determine the expected life of loans, the use of regional and national peer data was used. After consideration of the historic loss calculation, management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect the current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information at the balance sheet date. Our reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment, referred to above as “Loss Driver”, is based on the national unemployment rate and the national gross domestic product forecast for the first year. For periods beyond our reasonable and supportable forecast, we revert to historical loss rates utilizing a straight-line method over a two-year reversion period. The qualitative adjustments for current conditions are based upon changes in lending policies and practices, experience and ability of lending staff, quality of the Company’s loan review system, value of underlying collateral, the volume and severity of past due loans, the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence of and changes in concentrations and other external factors. Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable, or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a modification will be executed with an individual borrower, or the extension of renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the measurement of its ACL. Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $4,111 at December 31, 2025 and $3,429 at December 31, 2024. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, any outstanding accrued interest is reversed against interest income.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. We evaluate all loans that meet the following criteria: 1) when it is determined that foreclosure is probable; 2) substandard, doubtful and nonperforming loans when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral; 3) when it is determined by management that a loan does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans. Specific reserves are established based on the following three acceptable methods for measuring the ACL: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate; 2) the loan’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral when the loan is collateral dependent. Our individual loan evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. Collateral values are discounted to consider disposition costs when appropriate. A specific reserve is established or a charge-off is taken if the fair value of the loan is less than the loan balance.

At December 31, 2025, there was $11,519 in the ACL related to loans, compared to $10,088 at December 31, 2024. This resulted in corresponding provision expense of $2,765 and $2,580 during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company’s loan portfolio segments have been identified as follows: Commercial and Industrial, Commercial Real Estate, Residential Real Estate, and Consumer.

Commercial and industrial: Portfolio segment consists of borrowings for commercial purposes to individuals, corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, and other business enterprises. Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured by business assets such as equipment, accounts receivable, inventory, or any other asset excluding real estate and generally made to finance capital expenditures or operations. The Company’s risk exposure is related to deterioration in the value of collateral securing the loan should foreclosure become necessary. Generally, business assets used or produced in operations do not maintain their value upon foreclosure, which may require the Company to write down the value significantly to sell.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Commercial real estate: Portfolio segment consists of nonfarm, nonresidential loans secured by owner-occupied and nonowner-occupied commercial real estate as well as commercial construction loans. An owner-occupied loan relates to a borrower purchased building or space for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon cash flows from the ongoing business operations conducted by the party, or an affiliate of the party, who owns the property. Owner-occupied loans that are dependent on cash flows from operations can be adversely affected by current market conditions for their product or service. A nonowner-occupied loan is a property loan for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon rental income associated with the property or the subsequent sale of the property. Nonowner-occupied loans that are dependent upon rental income are primarily impacted by the level of interest rates associated with the debt and to local economic conditions, which dictate occupancy rates and the amount of rent charged. The increase in debt service due to higher interest rates may not be able to be passed on to tenants. As part of the origination process, loan interest rates and occupancy rates are stressed to determine the impact on the borrower’s ability to maintain adequate debt service under different economic conditions. Furthermore, the Company monitors the concentration in any one industry and has established limits relative to capital. In addition, credit quality trends are monitored by industry to determine if a change in the risk exposure to a certain industry may warrant a change in our underwriting standards. Commercial construction loans consist of borrowings to purchase and develop raw land into 1-4 family residential properties. Construction loans are extended to individuals as well as corporations for the construction of an individual or multiple properties and are secured by raw land and the subsequent improvements. Repayment of the loans to real estate developers is dependent upon the sale of properties to third parties in a timely fashion upon completion. Should there be delays in construction or a downturn in the market for those properties, there may be significant erosion in value that may be absorbed by the Company.

Residential real estate: Portfolio segment consists of loans to individuals for the purchase of 1-4 family primary residences with repayment primarily through wage or other income sources of the individual borrower. The Company’s loss exposure to these loans is dependent on local market conditions for residential properties as loan amounts are determined, in part, by the fair value of the property at origination.

Consumer: Portfolio segment consists of loans to individuals secured by automobiles, open-end home equity loans and other loans to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures, both secured and unsecured. These loans typically have maturities of six years or less with repayment dependent on individual wages and income. The risk of loss on consumer loans is elevated as the collateral securing these loans, if any, rapidly depreciate in value or may be worthless and/or difficult to locate if repossession is necessary.

ACL – Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures: The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted through credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. At December 31, 2025, there was $871 in the ACL related to off-balance sheet credit exposures, compared to $582 at December 31, 2024. This resulted in corresponding provision expense of $289 during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to a $110 recovery of provision expense during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Concentrations of Credit Risk: The Company grants residential, consumer and commercial loans to customers located primarily in the southeastern Ohio and western West Virginia areas.

The following represents the composition of the Company’s loan portfolio as of December 31:

	% of Total Loans
	2025			2024
Commercial real estate loans		39.30	%		35.13	%
Residential real estate loans		34.94	%		35.18	%
Commercial and industrial loans		13.97	%		14.92	%
Consumer loans		11.79	%		14.77	%
		100.00	%		100.00	%

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

The Bank, in the normal course of its operations, conducts business with correspondent financial institutions. Balances in correspondent accounts, investments in federal funds, and other short-term securities are closely monitored to ensure that prudent levels of credit and liquidity risks are maintained. At December 31, 2025, the Bank’s primary correspondent balance was $30,260 on deposit at the FRB, Cleveland, Ohio.

Premises and Equipment: Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, which is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the owned asset and, for leasehold improvement, over the remaining term of the leased facility, whichever is shorter. The useful lives range from three to eight years for equipment, furniture and fixtures and seven to 39 years for buildings and improvements.

Premises and equipment held for sale are reported at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less cost to sell. The carrying amount of the asset should be adjusted each reporting period for subsequent changes in fair value less cost to sell. A loss should be recognized for any subsequent write-down to fair value less cost to sell. A gain should be recognized for any subsequent increase in fair value less cost to sell, but not in excess of the cumulative loss previously recognized. Once classified as held for sale, depreciation should not be recorded.

The Company enters into leases in the normal course of business primarily for branch buildings and office space to conduct business. The Company’s leases have remaining terms ranging from 4 months to 15.6 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 15 years.

The Company includes lease extension and termination options in the lease term if, after considering relevant economic factors, it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise the option. In addition, the Company has elected to account for any non-lease components in its real estate leases as part of the associated lease component. The Company has also elected to not recognize leases with original lease terms of 12 months or less (short-term leases) on the Company’s balance sheet.

Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date. Lease expense for operating leases and short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not have any finance leases.

The Company’s operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are valued based on the present value of future minimum lease payments, discounted with an incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease. The Company has one lease arrangement that contains variable lease payments that are adjusted periodically for an index.

Foreclosed assets: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. Physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan occurs when legal title is obtained upon completion of foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to satisfy the loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, a valuation allowance is recorded through expense. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed.

Goodwill: Goodwill results from business acquisitions and represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of acquired tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill is assessed for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that an impairment test should be performed. For both 2025 and 2024, the Company selected November 30^th as the date to perform its annual impairment test. If possible impairment is likely, the Company will utilize the assistance of an independent third party for an appraisal and any such impairment is recognized in the period identified. The goodwill impairment analysis is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of the relevant reporting entity with its carrying value, including goodwill. The analysis is performed under guidance of FASB ASC 350. As of December 31, 2025, the Company concluded it is unlikely impairment of goodwill has occurred from the goodwill established from the Company’s acquisitions. See Note F for more specific disclosures related to goodwill impairment testing.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Long-term Assets: Premises and equipment and other long-term assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate their carrying amount may not be recoverable from future undiscounted cash flows. If impaired, the assets are recorded at fair value.

Mortgage Servicing Rights: A mortgage servicing right (“MSR”) is a contractual agreement where the right to service a mortgage loan is sold by the original lender to another party. When the Company sells mortgage loans to the secondary market, it retains the servicing rights to these loans. The Company’s MSR is recognized separately when acquired through sales of loans and is initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in mortgage banking income. Subsequently, the MSR is then amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated future servicing income of the underlying loan. The MSR is then evaluated for impairment periodically based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to the carrying amount, with any impairment being recognized through a valuation allowance. Fair value of the MSR is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights into groupings based on predominant risk characteristics, such as interest rate, loan type and investor type. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular grouping, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s MSR assets were $318 and $355, respectively, and were included within Other Assets on the Statement of Condition.

Transfers of Financial Assets: Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been legally isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets.

Earnings Per Share: Earnings per share is based on net income divided by the following weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods: 4,711,001 for 2025 and 4,736,820 for 2024. Ohio Valley had no dilutive effect and no potential common shares issuable under stock options or other agreements for any period presented.

Income Taxes: Income tax expense is the sum of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized at the time of enactment of such change in tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

Comprehensive Income: Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale which are also recognized as separate components of equity, net of tax.

Loss Contingencies: Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there now are such matters that will have a material effect on the financial statements.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Bank Owned Life Insurance and Annuity Assets: The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain key executives. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement. The Company also purchased an annuity investment for a certain key executive that earns interest.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan: Compensation expense is based on the market price of shares as they are committed to be allocated to participant accounts.

Dividend Reinvestment Plan: The Company maintains a Dividend Reinvestment Plan. The plan enables shareholders to elect to have their cash dividends on all or a portion of shares held automatically reinvested in additional shares of the Company’s common stock. The stock is issued out of the Company’s authorized shares and credited to participant accounts at fair market value. Dividends are reinvested on a quarterly basis.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments: Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. These financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. See Note L for more specific disclosure related to loan commitments.

Dividend Restrictions: Banking regulations require maintaining certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by the Bank to Ohio Valley or by Ohio Valley to its shareholders. See Note P for more specific disclosure related to dividend restrictions.

Restrictions on Cash: Cash on hand or on deposit with the FRB totaled $30,260 and $66,599 at year-end 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were subject to clearing requirements but not subject to any regulatory reserve requirements. The balances on deposit with the FRB earn interest at a rate set by the FRB that is related to the federal funds rate. At December 31, 2025, the rate was 3.65% compared to 4.40% at December 31, 2024.

Derivatives: At the inception of a derivative contract, the Company designates the derivative as one of three types based on the Company’s intentions and belief as to likely effectiveness as a hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value hedge”), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge”), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation (“stand-alone derivative”).

Net cash settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense, based on the item being hedged. Net cash settlements on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in noninterest income. Cash flows on hedges are classified in the cash flow statement the same as the cash flows of the items being hedged.

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the only derivative instruments used by the Company were interest rate swaps, which are classified as stand-alone derivatives. See Note H for more specific disclosures related to interest rate swaps.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments: Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note O. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

Operating Segments: We conduct our operations through a single business segment, banking, which derives interest and noninterest income through our banking products and services and investment securities. All of our income relates to our operations in the United States.

Pursuant to Financial Accounting Standards Codification 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments represent components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision makers in determining how to allocate resources and assessing performance.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note A - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Our chief operating decision maker, which is our Chief Executive Officer, evaluates interest and noninterest income streams and credit losses from our various products and services, while expense activities, including interest expense and noninterest expense, are managed, and financial performance is evaluated, on a Company-wide basis. As a result, detailed profitability information for each interest and noninterest income stream is not used by our chief operating decision maker to allocate resources or in assessing performance. Rather, our chief operating decision maker uses consolidated net income to assess performance by comparing it to and monitoring against budgeted and prior year results. This information is used to manage resources to drive business and net income growth, including investment in key strategic priorities, as well as determining our ability to return capital to shareholders. Segment assets represent total assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and segment net income represents net income on our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Recent Accounting Changes Adopted: ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU enhances income tax disclosures, including the disaggregation of existing disclosures related to the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU took effect for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with the first disclosure additions included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. The amendments to this ASU were applied on a retrospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. See Note K - “Income Taxes” for additional disclosure information.

New Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption: In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. ASU 2024-03 requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement to be presented in a tabular format in the footnotes to the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The amendments in ASU 20204-03 should be applied on a prospective basis, although retrospective application is permitted. The Company is evaluating the effect the updated guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note B - Securities

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of securities AFS and securities HTM at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and gross unrecognized gains and losses:

Securities Available for Sale	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
December 31, 2025
U.S. Government securities	$	86,442	$	575	$	(238	)	$	86,779
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities		5,336		—		(212	)		5,124
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential		164,525		768		(3,290	)		162,003
Total securities	$	256,303	$	1,343	$	(3,740	)	$	253,906

December 31, 2024
U.S. Government securities	$	169,203	$	210	$	(1,383	)	$	168,030
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities		6,406		—		(518	)		5,888
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential		105,961		—		(11,759	)		94,202
Total securities	$	281,570	$	210	$	(13,660	)	$	268,120

Securities Held to Maturity	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrecognized Gains		Gross Unrecognized Losses			Estimated Fair Value		Allowance for Credit Losses
December 31, 2025
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	5,453	$	—	$	(379	)	$	5,074	$	(1	)
Total securities	$	5,453	$	—	$	(379	)	$	5,074	$	(1	)

December 31, 2024
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	7,050	$	1	$	(631	)	$	6,420	$	(1	)
Total securities	$	7,050	$	1	$	(631	)	$	6,420	$	(1	)

At year-end 2025 and 2024, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity.

During 2025, proceeds from the sales of debt securities totaled $33,201, with gross losses of $3,747 and no gains recognized. This was to replace lower-yielding securities with higher-yielding, longer duration securities, which are expected to increase future interest income. There were no sales of securities during 2024.

Securities with a carrying value of approximately $195,245 at December 31, 2025 and $223,484 at December 31, 2024 were pledged to secure public deposits and repurchase agreements and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note B - Securities (continued)

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2025, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay the debt obligations prior to their contractual maturities. Securities not due at a single maturity are shown separately.

	Available for Sale				Held to Maturity
Debt Securities:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	45,881	$	45,808	$	633	$	620
Due in one to five years		45,897		46,095		2,478		2,343
Due in five to ten years		—		—		2,342		2,111
Due after ten years		—		—		—		—
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential		164,525		162,003		—		—
Total debt securities	$	256,303	$	253,906	$	5,453	$	5,074

The following table summarizes debt securities AFS in an unrealized loss position for which an ACL has not been recorded at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

December 31, 2025	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
Securities Available for Sale	Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
U.S. Government securities	$	—	$	—		$	16,755	$	(238	)	$	16,755	$	(238	)
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities		—		—			5,124		(212	)		5,124		(212	)
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential		35,475		(154	)		46,121		(3,136	)		81,596		(3,290	)
Total available for sale	$	35,475	$	(154	)	$	68,000	$	(3,586	)	$	103,475	$	(3,740	)

December 31, 2024	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
Securities Available for Sale	Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
U.S. Government securities	$	31,418	$	(329	)	$	26,802	$	(1,054	)	$	58,220	$	(1,383	)
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities		—		—			5,889		(518	)		5,889		(518	)
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential		4,694		(130	)		89,467		(11,629	)		94,161		(11,759	)
Total available for sale	$	36,112	$	(459	)	$	122,158	$	(13,201	)	$	158,270	$	(13,660	)

Management evaluates AFS debt securities in unrealized positions to determine whether impairment is due to credit-related factors. Consideration is given to (1) the extent to which the fair value is less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

At December 31, 2025, the Company had 53 AFS debt securities in an unrealized position without an ACL, of which 3 were from U.S. Government securities, 2 were from U.S. Government sponsored entity securities, and 48 were from Agency mortgage-backed residential securities. Management does not have the intent to sell any of these securities and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2025, management believes that the unrealized losses detailed in the previous table are due to noncredit-related factors, including changes in interest rates and other market conditions and, therefore, the Company carried no ACL on AFS debt securities at December 31, 2025.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note B - Securities (continued)

The following table presents the activity in the ACL for HTM debt securities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Held to Maturity Debt Securities	2025		2024
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	1	$	2
Provision for (recovery of) credit loss expense		—		(1	)
Allowance for credit losses ending balance	$	1	$	1

The Company’s HTM securities primarily consist of obligations of states and political subdivisions. The ACL on HTM securities is estimated at each measurement date on a collective basis by major security type. Risk factors such as issuer bond ratings, historical loss rates, financial condition of issuer, and timely principal and interest payments of issuer were evaluated to determine if a credit reserve was required within the portfolio. At December 31, 2025, there were no past due principal and interest payments related to HTM securities. The cumulative loss rate remained at 0.02% for both 2025 and 2024. However, the total HTM debt securities decreased during 2024 and 2025. This resulted in a $1 recovery of provision expense during the year ended December 31, 2024, and no change during 2025.

Note C - Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans are comprised of the following at December 31:

	2025			2024
Residential real estate	$	417,920		$	373,534
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied		114,724			86,471
Nonowner-occupied		269,285			206,847
Construction		86,028			79,669
Commercial and industrial		167,099			158,440
Consumer:
Automobile		37,277			50,246
Home equity		50,605			42,473
Other		53,080			64,145
		1,196,018			1,061,825
Less: Allowance for credit losses		(11,519	)		(10,088	)

Loans, net	$	1,184,499		$	1,051,737

At December 31, 2025, net deferred loan origination fees were $357. At December 31, 2024, net deferred loan origination costs were $363. At December 31, 2025 net unaccreted loan purchase discounts were $833. At December 31, 2024 net unamortized loan purchase premiums were $398.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note C - Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

The following table presents the recorded investment of nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing by class of loans as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

December 31, 2025	Loans Past Due 90 Days And Still Accruing		Nonaccrual Loans With No ACL		Nonaccrual Loans With an ACL		Total Nonaccrual Loans

Residential real estate	$	—	$	324	$	1,758	$	2,082
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied		—		679		—		679
Nonowner-occupied		—		4,956		214		5,170
Construction		—		6,000		—		6,000
Commercial and industrial		1,171		942		8		950
Consumer:
Automobile		75		—		172		172
Home equity		—		24		294		318
Other		12		—		103		103
Total	$	1,258	$	12,925	$	2,549	$	15,474

December 31, 2024	Loans Past Due 90 Days And Still Accruing		Nonaccrual Loans With No ACL		Nonaccrual Loans With an ACL		Total Nonaccrual Loans

Residential real estate	$	49	$	—	$	1,931	$	1,931
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied		—		680		136		816
Nonowner-occupied		—		—		158		158
Construction		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		962		90		1,052
Consumer:
Automobile		39		—		379		379
Home equity		—		26		338		364
Other		28		—		117		117
Total	$	116	$	1,668	$	3,149	$	4,817

As of January 1, 2024, total nonaccrual loans were $2,392. The Company recognized $60 and $97 of interest income in nonaccrual loans during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment of past due loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

December 31, 2025	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days Or More Past Due		Total Past Due		Loans Not Past Due		Total
Residential real estate	$	4,656	$	1,523	$	570	$	6,749	$	411,171	$	417,920
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied		672		4,711		679		6,062		108,662		114,724
Nonowner-occupied		—		—		—		—		269,285		269,285
Construction		—		—		6,000		6,000		80,028		86,028
Commercial and industrial		248		35		2,113		2,396		164,703		167,099
Consumer:
Automobile		918		327		122		1,367		35,910		37,277
Home equity		194		64		149		407		50,198		50,605
Other		581		225		52		858		52,222		53,080

Total	$	7,269	$	6,885	$	9,685	$	23,839	$	1,172,179	$	1,196,018

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note C - Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

December 31, 2024	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days Or More Past Due		Total Past Due		Loans Not Past Due		Total
Residential real estate	$	3,294	$	1,097	$	984	$	5,375	$	368,159	$	373,534
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied		773		—		816		1,589		84,882		86,471
Nonowner-occupied		2,294		—		—		2,294		204,553		206,847
Construction		—		—		—		—		79,669		79,669
Commercial and industrial		533		58		745		1,336		157,104		158,440
Consumer:
Automobile		791		414		349		1,554		48,692		50,246
Home equity		402		141		243		786		41,687		42,473
Other		716		260		98		1,074		63,071		64,145

Total	$	8,803	$	1,970	$	3,235	$	14,008	$	1,047,817	$	1,061,825

Credit Quality Indicators:

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. These risk categories are represented by a loan grading scale from 1 through 11. The Company analyzes loans individually with a higher credit risk rating and groups these loans into categories called “criticized” and “classified” assets. The Company considers its criticized assets to be loans that are graded 8 and its classified assets to be loans that are graded 9 through 11. The Company’s risk categories are reviewed at least annually on loans that have aggregate borrowing amounts that meet or exceed $1,000.

The Company uses the following definitions for its criticized loan risk ratings:

Special Mention. Loans classified as “special mention” are graded 8 and indicate considerable risk due to deterioration of repayment (in the earliest stages) due to potential weak primary repayment source, or payment delinquency. These loans will be under constant supervision, are not classified and do not expose the institution to sufficient risks to warrant classification. These deficiencies should be correctable within the normal course of business, although significant changes in company structure or policy may be necessary to correct the deficiencies. These loans are considered bankable assets with no apparent loss of principal or interest envisioned. The perceived risk in continued lending is considered to have increased beyond the level where such loans would normally be granted.

The Company uses the following definitions for its classified loan risk ratings:

Substandard. Loans classified as “substandard” are graded 9 and represent very high risk, serious delinquency, nonaccrual, or unacceptable credit. Repayment through the primary source of repayment is in jeopardy due to the existence of one or more well-defined weaknesses, and the collateral pledged may inadequately protect collection of the loans. Loss of principal is not likely if weaknesses are corrected, although financial statements normally reveal significant weakness. Loans are still considered collectible, although loss of principal is more likely than with special mention loans. Collateral liquidation is considered likely to satisfy debt.

Doubtful. Loans classified as “doubtful” are graded 10 and display a high probability of loss, although the amount of actual loss at the time of classification is undetermined. This classification should be temporary until such time that actual loss can be identified, or improvements are made to reduce the seriousness of the classification. These loans exhibit all substandard characteristics with the addition that weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. This classification consists of loans where the possibility of loss is high after collateral liquidation based upon existing facts, market conditions, and value. Loss is deferred until certain important and reasonable specific pending factors that may strengthen the credit can be more accurately determined. These factors may include proposed acquisitions, liquidation procedures, capital injection, receipt of additional collateral, mergers, or refinancing plans. A doubtful classification for an entire credit should be avoided when collection of a specific portion appears highly probable with the adequately secured portion graded substandard.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note C - Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Loss. Loans classified as “loss” are graded 11 and are considered uncollectible and are of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the credit has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this asset yielding such a minimum value even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. Amounts classified as loss should be promptly charged off.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of commercial loans by class of loans was as follows:

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied
Risk Rating
Pass	$	33,907	$	13,312	$	18,663	$	6,468	$	5,279	$	15,235	$	1,574	$	94,438
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		12,260		—		—		12,260
Substandard		—		—		—		—		4,191		2,036		1,799		8,026
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	33,907	$	13,312	$	18,663	$	6,468	$	21,730	$	17,271	$	3,373	$	114,724

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Commercial real estate:
Nonowner-occupied
Risk Rating
Pass	$	54,962	$	35,753	$	25,438	$	37,616	$	29,092	$	68,754	$	6,932	$	258,547
Special Mention		—		—		1,603		—		—		—		—		1,603
Substandard		—		—		4,956		963		—		3,216		—		9,135
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	54,962	$	35,753	$	31,997	$	38,579	$	29,092	$	71,970	$	6,932	$	269,285

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Commercial real estate:
Construction
Risk Rating
Pass	$	34,799	$	12,252	$	9,561	$	14,222	$	1,203	$	2,384	$	4,300	$	78,721
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		19		—		19
Substandard		—		—		612		6,000		—		—		676		7,288
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	34,799	$	12,252	$	10,173	$	20,222	$	1,203	$	2,403	$	4,976	$	86,028

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note C – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Commercial and Industrial:
Risk Rating
Pass	$	28,717	$	8,759	$	5,519	$	20,266	$	22,949	$	38,192	$	27,598	$	152,000
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		2,550		2,550
Substandard		—		380		469		33		141		6,293		5,233		12,549
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	28,717	$	9,139	$	5,988	$	20,299	$	23,090	$	44,485	$	35,381	$	167,099

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	45	$	—	$	12	$	58	$	—	$	45	$	160

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied
Risk Rating
Pass	$	13,762	$	17,199	$	7,441	$	10,094	$	4,787	$	16,336	$	583	$	70,202
Special Mention		—		—		—		12,896		—		1,415		299		14,610
Substandard		79		—		—		—		136		844		600		1,659
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	13,841	$	17,199	$	7,441	$	22,990	$	4,923	$	18,595	$	1,482	$	86,471

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Commercial real estate:
Nonowner occupied
Risk Rating
Pass	$	35,216	$	11,377	$	30,773	$	31,465	$	19,351	$	66,312	$	6,172	$	200,666
Special Mention		—		1,636		—		—		—		—		—		1,636
Substandard		220		—		996		—		3,329		—		—		4,545
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	35,436	$	13,013	$	31,769	$	31,465	$	22,680	$	66,312	$	6,172	$	206,847

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note C – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Commercial real estate:
Construction
Risk Rating
Pass	$	13,865	$	33,162	$	27,678	$	1,111	$	266	$	2,647	$	93	$	78,822
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		38		—		38
Substandard		—		638		—		—		—		171		—		809
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	13,865	$	33,800	$	27,678	$	1,111	$	266	$	2,856	$	93	$	79,669

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Commercial and Industrial
Risk Rating
Pass	$	17,260	$	7,875	$	24,843	$	25,894	$	20,648	$	25,593	$	21,785	$	143,898
Special Mention		446		—		—		—		—		178		6,476		7,100
Substandard		2,039		226		60		480		205		—		4,432		7,442
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	19,745	$	8,101	$	24,903	$	26,374	$	20,853	$	25,771	$	32,693	$	158,440

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	219	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	221

The Company considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the ACL. For residential and consumer loan classes, the Company evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. The following table presents the recorded investment of residential and consumer loans by class of loans based on repayment activity as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Residential Real Estate:
Payment Performance
Performing	$	70,687	$	63,505	$	51,608	$	34,817	$	41,803	$	119,416	$	34,002	$	415,838
Nonperforming		—		415		201		430		26		1,010		—		2,082
Total	$	70,687	$	63,920	$	51,809	$	35,247	$	41,829	$	120,426	$	34,002	$	417,920

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	100	$	—	$	15	$	23	$	15	$	—	$	153

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note C – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Consumer:
Automobile
Payment Performance
Performing	$	10,413	$	7,814	$	9,907	$	6,831	$	1,672	$	393	$	—	$	37,030
Nonperforming		32		63		46		106		—		—		—		247
Total	$	10,445	$	7,877	$	9,953	$	6,937	$	1,672	$	393	$	—	$	37,277

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	34	$	251	$	338	$	118	$	12	$	16	$	—	$	769

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Consumer:
Home Equity:
Payment Performance
Performing	$	—	$	4	$	19	$	—	$	100	$	140	$	50,024	$	50,287
Nonperforming		—		—		—		—		—		—		318		318
Total	$	—	$	4	$	19	$	—	$	100	$	140	$	50,342	$	50,605

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	31	$	31

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Consumer:
Other
Payment Performance
Performing	$	11,889	$	12,012	$	6,005	$	4,696	$	3,425	$	1,535	$	13,403	$	52,965
Nonperforming		3		40		23		23		7		19		—		115
Total	$	11,892	$	12,052	$	6,028	$	4,719	$	3,432	$	1,554	$	13,403	$	53,080

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	346	$	148	$	162	$	76	$	73	$	29	$	376	$	1,210

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Residential Real Estate:
Payment Performance
Performing	$	57,385	$	57,546	$	40,026	$	46,067	$	38,969	$	98,084	$	33,477	$	371,554
Nonperforming		—		234		435		83		54		1,174		—		1,980
Total	$	57,385	$	57,780	$	40,461	$	46,150	$	39,023	$	99,258	$	33,477	$	373,534

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	15	$	—	$	—	$	27	$	—	$	42

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note C – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Consumer:
Automobile
Payment Performance
Performing	$	13,643	$	18,133	$	12,693	$	3,686	$	1,268	$	405	$	—	$	49,828
Nonperforming		145		162		77		12		5		17		—		418
Total	$	13,788	$	18,295	$	12,770	$	3,698	$	1,273	$	422	$	—	$	50,246

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	91	$	364	$	232	$	34	$	22	$	7	$	—	$	750

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Consumer:
Home Equity
Payment Performance
Performing	$	317	$	—	$	61	$	152	$	—	$	—	$	41,579	$	42,109
Nonperforming		—		—		—		—		—		—		364		364
Total	$	317	$	—	$	61	$	152	$	—	$	—	$	41,943	$	42,473

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total

Consumer:
Other
Payment Performance
Performing	$	13,110	$	18,442	$	8,768	$	6,580	$	2,367	$	973	$	13,760	$	64,000
Nonperforming		3		50		14		46		25		7		—		145
Total	$	13,113	$	18,492	$	8,782	$	6,626	$	2,392	$	980	$	13,760	$	64,145

Current Period gross charge-offs	$	443	$	192	$	156	$	107	$	52	$	29	$	495	$	1,474

The Company originates residential, consumer, and commercial loans to customers located primarily in the southeastern areas of Ohio as well as the western counties of West Virginia. Approximately 3.73% of total loans were unsecured at December 31, 2025, down from 4.16% at December 31, 2024.

Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty:

Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications may include one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan; an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; a reduction in the contractual principal and interest payments of the loan; or short-term interest-only payment terms. All modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are considered to be impaired.

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company experienced no new modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note C – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

The following table presents the activity in the ACL by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

December 31, 2025	Residential Real Estate			Commercial Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial			Consumer			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	2,684		$	3,653	$	1,536		$	2,215		$	10,088
Provision for credit losses		164			1,660		241			700			2,765
Loans charged off		(153	)		—		(160	)		(2,010	)		(2,323	)
Recoveries		98			18		121			752			989
Total ending allowance balance	$	2,793		$	5,331	$	1,738		$	1,657		$	11,519

December 31, 2024	Residential Real Estate			Commercial Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial			Consumer			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	2,213		$	3,047	$	1,275		$	2,232		$	8,767
Provision for credit losses		446			567		(3	)		1,570			2,580
Loans charged off		(42	)		—		(221	)		(2,224	)		(2,487	)
Recoveries		67			39		485			637			1,228
Total ending allowance balance	$	2,684		$	3,653	$	1,536		$	2,215		$	10,088

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

	Collateral Type
December 31, 2025	Real Estate		Business Assets		Total
Residential real estate	$	1,301	$	544	$	1,845
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied		4,885		140		5,025
Nonowner-occupied		5,062		—		5,062
Construction		7,288		—		7,288
Commercial & Industrial		543		1,257		1,800
Consumer:
Automobile		—		14		14
Home equity		75		—		75
Other		39		21		60
Total collateral dependent loans	$	19,193	$	1,976	$	21,169

	Collateral Type
December 31, 2024	Real Estate		Business Assets		Total
Residential real estate	$	569	$	—	$	569
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied		804		140		944
Nonowner-occupied		110		—		110
Construction		637		—		637
Commercial & Industrial		285		3,044		3,329
Consumer:
Automobile		—		38		38
Home equity		50		26		76
Other		—		81		81
Total collateral dependent loans	$	2,455	$	3,329	$	5,784

The recorded investment of a loan excludes accrued interest and net deferred origination fees and costs due to immateriality.

Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing include both smaller balance homogenous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified as impaired loans.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note C - Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

The Company transfers loans to other real estate owned (“OREO”), at fair value less cost to sell, in the period the Company obtains physical possession of the property (through legal title or through a deed in lieu). The Company had no OREO for residential real estate properties at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In addition, nonaccrual residential mortgage loans that are in the process of foreclosure had a recorded investment of $788 and $342 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Note D - Premises and Equipment

Following is a summary of premises and equipment at December 31:

	2025		2024
Land	$	2,645	$	2,645
Buildings		24,538		24,573
Leasehold improvements		1,604		1,583
Furniture and equipment		12,650		11,785
		41,437		40,586
Less accumulated depreciation		20,928		19,357
Total premises and equipment	$	20,509	$	21,229

Following is a summary of premises and equipment held for sale at December 31:

	2025		2024
Land	$	84	$	84
Buildings		432		520
		516		604
Less accumulated depreciation		116		97
Total premises and equipment held for sale	$	400	$	507

Note E – Leases

Balance sheet information related to leases at December 31 was as follows:

	2025		2024
Operating leases:
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	923	$	1,024
Operating lease liabilities		923		1,024

The components of lease cost were as follows for the year ending December 31:

	2025		2024
Operating lease cost	$	203	$	189
Short-term lease expense		—		9

Future undiscounted lease payments for operating leases with initial terms of one year or more as of December 31, 2025 are as follows:

	Operating Leases
2026	$	158
2027		126
2028		129
2029		129
2030		121
Thereafter		543
Total lease payments		1,206
Less: Imputed Interest		(283	)
Total operating leases	$	923

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note E – Leases (continued)

Other information at December 31 was as follows:

	2025			2024

Weighted-average remaining lease term for operating leases	10.7 years			12.0 years
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases		2.85	%		2.84	%

Note F – Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill: The reported amount of goodwill as of December 31 was as follows:

	Gross Carrying Amount
	2025		2024
Goodwill	$	7,319	$	7,319

Impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. At November 30, 2025, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of the relevant reporting entity with its carrying value, including goodwill. The Company concluded it is unlikely that impairment of goodwill has occurred. There were no changes in circumstances as of December 31, 2025.

During 2024, the general economic conditions that the Company operates in had trended from generally stable to improving in select markets in relation to economic development. While asset levels continued to grow and capital levels remained strong, the Company’s stock price continued to trade below book value during 2024. Given that the Company’s stock is thinly traded and has institutional ownership of less than 10%, the market price may not always be reflective of actual value. Furthermore, the Company’s stock price to book will typically trend below peers due to carrying higher capital levels than peers. Due to these factors, management could not conclude that evidence provided by a qualitative assessment would support that it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill is more than the carrying amount. Therefore, the Company proceeded to complete the quantitative impairment test using November 30, 2024 as the measurement date.

The quantitative impairment test includes comparing the carrying value of the reporting unit, including the existing goodwill and intangible assets, to the fair value of the reporting unit. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge is recorded for the amount in which the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, up to the amount of goodwill attributed to the reporting unit. After performing the quantitative testing, it was determined that the reporting unit’s fair value exceeded the reporting unit’s carrying value as of November 30, 2024, resulting in no impairment for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Acquired intangible assets: Acquired intangible assets were as follows at year-end:

	2025				2024
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Amortized intangible assets:
Core deposit intangibles	$	—	$	—	$	738	$	738

Aggregate amortization expense was $0 for 2025 and $8 for 2024.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note G - Deposits

Following is a summary of deposits at December 31:

	2025		2024
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	314,131	$	322,383

Interest-bearing deposits:
NOW accounts		218,432		272,941
Savings and Money Market		307,368		285,966
Time deposits of $250 or less		394,183		311,972
Time deposits of more than $250		95,553		81,916
Total time deposits		489,736		393,888
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,015,536		952,795

Total deposits	$	1,329,667	$	1,275,178

Following is a summary of total time deposits by remaining maturity at December 31, 2025:

2026	$	460,323
2027		22,803
2028		4,952
2029		513
2030		1,073
Thereafter		72
Total	$	489,736

Brokered deposits, included in time deposits, were $61,464 and $48,395 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Note H - Interest Rate Swaps

The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities. The Company utilizes interest rate swap agreements as part of its asset/liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. As part of this strategy, the Company provides its customer with a fixed-rate loan while creating a variable-rate asset for the Company by the customer entering into an interest rate swap with the Company on terms that match the loan. The Company offsets its risk exposure by entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with an unaffiliated institution. These interest rate swaps do not qualify as designated hedges; therefore, each swap is accounted for as a standalone derivative. At December 31, 2025, the Company had offsetting interest rate swaps associated with commercial loans with a notional value of $11,055 and a fair value asset of $754 and a fair value liability for the same amount included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively. This is compared to offsetting interest rate swaps with a notional value of $11,802 and a fair value asset and liability of $657 at December 31, 2024. The notional amount of the interest rate swaps does not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amount exchanged is determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the individual interest rate swap agreement. To offset the risk exposure related to market value fluctuations of its interest rate swaps, the Company would normally maintain collateral deposits on hand with a third-party correspondent, however due to the current rate environment, risk exposure was reduced in both 2025 and 2024, respectively, resulting in no collateral deposits at December 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Note I - Other Borrowed Funds

Other borrowed funds at December 31, 2025 and 2024 are comprised of advances from the FHLB of Cincinnati and promissory notes.

	FHLB Borrowings		Promissory Notes		Totals
2025	$	42,247	$	2,601	$	44,848
2024	$	37,239	$	2,501	$	39,740

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note I - Other Borrowed Funds (continued)

Pursuant to collateral agreements with the FHLB, advances are secured by $410,568 in qualifying mortgage loans, $39,118 in commercial loans and $3,118 in FHLB stock at December 31, 2025. Fixed-rate FHLB advances of $42,247 mature through 2042 and have interest rates ranging from 1.53% to 4.91% and a year-to-date weighted average cost of 4.03% and 4.02% at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no variable-rate FHLB borrowings at December 31, 2025.

At December 31, 2025, the Company had a cash management line of credit enabling it to borrow up to $100,000 from the FHLB, subject to the stock ownership and collateral limitations described below. All cash management advances have an original maturity of 90 days. The line of credit must be renewed on an annual basis. There was $100,000 available on this line of credit at December 31, 2025.

Based on the Company’s current FHLB stock ownership, total assets and pledgeable loans, the Company had the ability to obtain borrowings from the FHLB up to a maximum of $250,501 at December 31, 2025. Of this maximum borrowing capacity, the Company had $156,254 available to use as additional borrowings, of which $156,254 could be used for short term, cash management advances, as mentioned above. Furthermore, the Company pledged collateral to the FRB to establish a borrowing line, which had availability of $41,891 at December 31, 2025.

At December 31, 2025, the Company had a federal funds line of credit with two correspondent banks totaling $25,000. The lines of credit are not committed and are provided at the discretion of the correspondent bank. No collateral has been pledged to the lines of credit. Any advance is due to be repaid the next business day. At December 31, 2025, there was $25,000 available on these lines of credit.

Promissory notes, issued primarily by Ohio Valley, are due at various dates through a final maturity date of November 18, 2026, and have fixed rates ranging from 4.25% to 4.60% and a year-to-date weighted average cost of 4.49% at December 31, 2025, as compared to 4.71% at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were six promissory notes payable by Ohio Valley to related parties totaling $2,601 and $2,501, respectively. See Note M for further discussion of related party transactions. There were no promissory notes payable to other banks at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Letters of credit issued on the Bank’s behalf by the FHLB to collateralize certain public unit deposits as required by law totaled $52,000 at December 31, 2025 and $58,500 at December 31, 2024.

Scheduled principal payments over the next five years:

	FHLB Borrowings		Promissory Notes		Totals
2026	$	10,444	$	2,601	$	13,045
2027		22,908		—		22,908
2028		1,397		—		1,397
2029		1,349		—		1,349
2030		1,733		—		1,733
Thereafter		4,416		—		4,416
	$	42,247	$	2,601	$	44,848

Note J - Subordinated Debentures and Trust Preferred Securities

On March 22, 2007, a trust formed by Ohio Valley issued $8,500 of adjustable-rate trust preferred securities as part of a pooled offering of such securities. The rate on these trust preferred securities was fixed at 6.58% for five years and then converted to a floating-rate term on March 15, 2012, based on a rate equal to the 3-month LIBOR plus 1.68%. Beginning September 15, 2023, the rate converted from a 3-month LIBOR index to a 3-month CME Term SOFR index plus a spread adjustment of 0.26% and a margin of 1.68%. The interest rate on these trust preferred securities was 5.66% at December 31, 2025 and 6.33% at December 31, 2024. There were no debt issuance costs incurred with these trust preferred securities. The Company issued subordinated debentures to the trust in exchange for the proceeds of the offering. The subordinated debentures must be redeemed no later than June 15, 2037.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note J - Subordinated Debentures and Trust Preferred Securities (continued)

Under the provisions of the related indenture agreements, the interest payable on the trust preferred securities is deferrable for up to five years and any such deferral is not considered a default. During any period of deferral, the Company would be precluded from declaring or paying dividends to shareholders or repurchasing any of the Company’s common stock. Under generally accepted accounting principles, the trusts are not consolidated with the Company. Accordingly, the Company does not report the securities issued by the trust as liabilities and instead reports as liabilities the subordinated debentures issued by the Company and held by the trust. Since the Company’s equity interest in the trusts cannot be received until the subordinated debentures are repaid, these amounts have been netted. The subordinated debentures may be included in Tier 1 capital (with certain limitations applicable) under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations.

Note K - Income Taxes

Income taxes paid pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2023-09, on a retrospective basis:

	2025		2024
Federal	$	4,394	$	3,350
States
West Virginia		275		235
Foreign		—		—
Total	$	4,669	$	3,585

Pretax income is entirely related to domestic activities; the Company did not have any foreign operations.

The provision for income taxes from continuing operations consists of the following:

	2025			2024
Current tax expense:
Federal	$	4,299		$	3,200
State		393			357
Total		4,692			3,557
Deferred tax (benefit) expense:
Federal		(796	)		(1,030	)
State		(45	)		(150	)
Total		(841	)		(1,180	)

Net provision for income taxes from continuing operations	$	3,851		$	2,377

The Company did not have any income tax expense (benefit) in foreign jurisdictions.

The difference between the financial statement tax provision and amounts computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to income before taxes is as follows:

	2025						2024
	Amount			% of Pretax Income			Amount			% of Pretax Income
Taxes at federal statutory rate	$	4,085			21.00	%	$	2,809			21.00	%
State and local income tax, net of federal income tax benefit ^(a)		274			1.41	%		164			1.23	%
Tax credits:
Qualified zone academy bond credits		(31	)		(0.16	)%		(24	)		(0.18	)%
Nontaxable or nondeductible items:
Tax-exempt income, net		(420	)		(2.16	)%		(422	)		(3.15	)%
Bank owned life insurance		(174	)		(0.89	)%		(186	)		(1.39	)%
Other		20			0.10	%		17			0.13	%
Other adjustments		97			0.50	%		19			0.13	%
Total income taxes	$	3,851			19.80	%	$	2,377			17.77	%

(a) State taxes in West Virginia made up the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note K - Income Taxes (continued)

The source of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31:

	2025			2024
Items giving rise to deferred tax assets:
Other reserves	$	193		$	130
Allowance for credit losses		2,552			2,240
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale		528			2,966
Deferred compensation		2,456			2,295
Deferred loan fees/costs		198			172
Accrued bonus		333			325
Purchase accounting adjustments		61			62
Net operating loss		16			32
Lease liability		267			293
Nonaccrual interest income		199			109
Other		210			58
Items giving rise to deferred tax liabilities:
Mortgage servicing rights		(71	)		(79	)
FHLB stock dividends		(433	)		(434	)
Prepaid expenses		(33	)		(33	)
Depreciation and amortization		(307	)		(344	)
Right-of-use asset		(267	)		(293	)
Other		(281	)		(281	)
Net deferred tax asset	$	5,621		$	7,218

The Company determined that it was not required to establish a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets since management believes that the deferred tax assets are likely to be realized through the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, deductions against forecasted income and tax planning strategies.

At December 31, 2025, the Company’s deferred tax asset related to Section 382 net operating loss carryforwards was $76, which will expire in 2026.

At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits. The Company is subject to federal income tax as well as West Virginia state income tax. The Company is no longer subject to federal or state examinations for years prior to 2022.

Note L - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. The Bank’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees written, is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The contract amounts of these instruments are not included in the consolidated financial statements. At December 31, 2025, the contract amounts of these instruments totaled approximately $226,570, compared to $203,019 at December 31, 2024. The Bank estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Bank is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit. At December 31, 2025, the estimated ACL related to off-balance sheet commitments was $871, compared to $582 at December 31, 2024. This included $289 in provision expense during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to a $110 recovery of provision expense during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for instruments recorded on the balance sheet. Since many of these instruments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total contract amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note L - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (continued)

Following is a summary of such commitments at December 31:

	2025		2024
Fixed rate	$	27	$	211
Variable rate		223,983		194,865
Standby letters of credit		2,560		7,943

At December 31, 2025, the fixed-rate commitments have interest rates ranging from 4.75% to 6.13% and maturities of 30 years.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Bank to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Bank evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Bank upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment and income-producing commercial properties.

There are various contingent liabilities that are not reflected in the financial statements, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, after consultation with legal counsel, the ultimate disposition of these matters is not expected to have a material effect on financial condition or results of operations.

Note M - Related Party Transactions

Certain directors, executive officers and companies with which they are affiliated were loan customers during 2025. A summary of activity on these borrower relationships with aggregate debt greater than $120 is as follows:

Total loans at January 1, 2025	$	16,131
New loans		3
Repayments		(805	)
Other changes		(162	)
Total loans at December 31, 2025	$	15,167

Other changes include adjustments for loans applicable to one reporting period that are excludable from the other reporting period, such as changes in persons classified as directors, executive officers and companies’ affiliates.

Deposits from principal officers, directors, and their affiliates at year-end 2025 and 2024 were $19,686 and $22,847, respectively. In addition, the Company had promissory notes outstanding with directors and their affiliates totaling $2,601 at year-end 2025 and $2,501 at year-end 2024. The interest rates ranged from 4.25% to 5.25%, with terms ranging from 8 to 14 months.

Note N - Employee Benefits

The Bank has a profit-sharing plan for the benefit of its employees and their beneficiaries. Contributions to the plan are determined by the Board of Directors of Ohio Valley. Contributions charged to expense were $299 and $267 for 2025 and 2024.

Ohio Valley maintains an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) covering substantially all employees of the Company. Ohio Valley issues shares to the ESOP, purchased by the ESOP with subsidiary cash contributions, which are allocated to ESOP participants based on relative compensation. The total number of shares held by the ESOP, all of which have been allocated to participant accounts, were 332,569 and 340,562 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In addition, the subsidiaries made contributions to the ESOP as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2025		2024

Number of shares issued		—		20,542

Fair value of stock contributed	$	—	$	500

Cash contributed		675		55

Total expense	$	675	$	555

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note N - Employee Benefits (continued)

Life insurance contracts with a cash surrender value of $41,615 and annuity assets of $1,690 at December 31, 2025 have been purchased by the Company, the owner of the policies. The purpose of these contracts was to replace a current group life insurance program for executive officers, implement a deferred compensation plan for directors and executive officers, implement a director retirement plan and implement supplemental retirement plans for certain officers. Under the deferred compensation plan, Ohio Valley pays each participant the amount of fees deferred plus interest over the participant’s desired term, upon termination of service. Under the director retirement plan, participants are eligible to receive ongoing compensation payments upon retirement subject to length of service. The supplemental retirement plans provide payments to select executive officers upon retirement based upon a compensation formula determined by Ohio Valley’s Board of Directors. The present value of payments expected to be provided are accrued during the service period of the covered individuals and amounted to $10,490 and $10,054 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Expenses related to the plans for each of the last two years amounted to $772 and $707, respectively. In association with the split-dollar life insurance plan, the present value of the postretirement payments expected to be provided and accrued for totaled $3,731 at December 31, 2025 and $3,570 at December 31, 2024 and is recorded in Other Liabilities on the Statement of Condition.

Note O - Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The following is a description of the Company’s valuation methodologies used to measure and disclose the fair values of its financial assets and liabilities on a recurring or nonrecurring basis:

Securities: Debt securities classified as AFS are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values for securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3). During times when trading is more liquid, broker quotes are used (if available) to validate the model. Rating agency and industry research reports as well as defaults and deferrals on individual securities are reviewed and incorporated into the calculations.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note O - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)

Individually Evaluated Collateral Dependent Loans: Loans with specific reserves based on their fair value of collateral are measured on an as-needed, nonrecurring basis. The fair value of individually evaluated collateral dependent loans with specific allocations of the ACL is generally based on the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell, based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. In some instances, fair value adjustments can be made based on a quoted price from an observable input, such as a purchase agreement. Such adjustments would be classified as a Level 2 classification. Individually evaluated collateral dependent loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.

OREO: The value of foreclosed assets is measured on a nonrecurring basis. Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. In some instances, fair value adjustments can be made based on a quoted price from an observable input, such as a purchase agreement. Such adjustments would be classified as a Level 2 classification.

Appraisals for collateral securing both individually evaluated collateral dependent loans and OREO owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, a member of management reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with management’s own assumptions of fair value based on factors that include recent market data or industry-wide statistics.

On an as-needed basis, the Company reviews the fair value of collateral, taking into consideration current market data, as well as all selling costs, which typically amount to approximately 10%.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements: Interest rate swap contracts are carried at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value of interest rate swap agreements is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The variable cash receipts (or payments) are based on the expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observed market interest rate curves (Level 2).

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025, Using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
U.S. Government securities	$	86,779	$	—		$	—
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities		—		5,124			—
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential		—		162,003			—
Interest rate swap derivatives		—		754			—

Liabilities:
Interest rate swap derivatives		—		(754	)		—

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note O - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024, Using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
U.S. Government securities	$	168,030	$	—		$	—
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities		—		5,888			—
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential		—		94,202			—
Interest rate swap derivatives		—		657			—

Liabilities:
Interest rate swap derivatives		—		(657	)		—

There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024.

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis

There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2025 or 2024.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025 Using:
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	45,897	$	45,897	$	—	$	—	$	45,897
Securities available for sale		253,906		86,779		167,127		—		253,906
Securities held to maturity		5,452		—		2,963		2,111		5,074
Loans, net		1,184,499		—		—		1,171,189		1,171,189
Interest rate swap derivatives		754		—		754		—		754
Accrued interest receivable		5,476		—		1,357		4,119		5,476

Financial Liabilities:
Deposits		1,329,667		839,931		490,970		—		1,330,901
Other borrowed funds		44,848		—		44,386		—		44,386
Subordinated debentures		8,500		—		8,500		—		8,500
Interest rate swap derivatives		754		—		754		—		754
Accrued interest payable		6,584		—		6,584		—		6,584

			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using:
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	83,107	$	83,107	$	—	$	—	$	83,107
Securities available for sale		268,120		168,030		100,090		—		268,120
Securities held to maturity		7,049		—		3,651		2,769		6,420
Loans, net		1,051,737		—		—		1,037,349		1,037,349
Interest rate swap derivatives		657		—		657		—		657
Accrued interest receivable		4,805		—		1,540		3,265		4,805

Financial Liabilities:
Deposits		1,275,178		881,290		394,470		—		1,275,760
Other borrowed funds		39,740		—		38,815		—		38,815
Subordinated debentures		8,500		—		8,500		—		8,500
Interest rate swap derivatives		657		—		657		—		657
Accrued interest payable		5,234		1		5,233		—		5,234

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note O - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Note P - Regulatory Matters

Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgements by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. The net unrealized gain or loss on AFS securities is not included in computing regulatory capital. Management believes as of December 31, 2025, the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. Based on asset size, the bank holding company was not required to meet the consolidated capital requirements of the FRB.

Prompt corrective action regulations applicable to insured depository institutions provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. At year-end 2025 and 2024, the Bank met the capital requirements to be deemed well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since year-end 2025 or 2024 that management believes have changed the institution’s well capitalized category.

In 2019, the federal banking agencies jointly issued a final rule that provides for an optional, simplified measure of capital adequacy, the community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) framework, for qualifying community banking organizations (banks and holding companies), consistent with Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act. The final rule became effective on January 1, 2020 and was elected by the Bank as of March 31, 2020. In April 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interim final rule that made temporary changes to the CBLR framework, pursuant to Section 4012 of the CARES Act, and a second interim final rule that provided a graduated increase in the CBLR requirement after the expiration of the temporary changes implemented pursuant to Section 4012 of the CARES Act.

The CBLR removes the requirement for qualifying banking organizations to calculate and report risk-based capital and only requires a Tier 1 to average assets (“leverage”) ratio. Qualifying banking organizations that elect to use the CBLR framework and that maintain a leverage ratio of greater than required minimums are considered to have satisfied the generally applicable risk based and leverage capital requirements in the agencies’ capital rules and, if applicable, are considered to have met the well capitalized ratio requirements for purposes of Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Under the interim final rules, the CBLR minimum requirement was 8% as of December 31, 2020, 8.5% for calendar year 2021, and 9% for calendar year 2022 and beyond. The interim rule allowed for a two-quarter grace period to correct a ratio that fell below the required amount, provided that the Bank maintained a leverage ratio of 7% as of December 31, 2020, 7.5% for calendar year 2021, and 8% for calendar year 2022 and beyond.

Under the final rule, an eligible banking organization can opt out of the CBLR framework and revert back to the risk-weighting framework without restriction. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Bank qualified as a community banking organization as defined by the federal banking agencies and elected to measure capital adequacy under the CBLR framework.

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note P - Regulatory Matters (continued)

The current rules were impacted by the Company’s adoption of ASC 326 and its election to apply the 3-year CECL transition provision on January 1, 2023. By making this election, the Bank, in accordance with Section 301 of the regulatory capital rules, will increase it retained earnings (Tier 1 Capital) and average assets by 75% of its CECL transition amount during the first year of the transition period, 50% of its CECL transition amount during the second year, and 25% of its CECL transitional amount during the third year of the transition period. The Bank’s transition amount from the adoption of CECL totaled $2,276, which resulted in the add-back of $569 and $1,138 to both Tier 1 capital and average assets as part of the CBLR calculation for December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following tables summarize the actual and required capital amounts of the Bank as of year-end.

	Actual					To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations
Bank	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
Tier 1 capital (to average assets)
December 31, 2025	$	157,677		10.1	%	$	140,498		9.0	%
December 31, 2024		148,509		9.9			134,678		9.0

Dividends paid by the subsidiaries are the primary source of funds available to Ohio Valley for payment of dividends to shareholders and for other working capital needs. The payment of dividends by the subsidiaries to Ohio Valley is subject to restrictions by regulatory authorities and state law. These restrictions generally limit dividends to the current and prior two years retained earnings of the Bank and Loan Central, Inc. At January 1, 2026 approximately $16,828 of the subsidiaries’ retained earnings were available for dividends under these guidelines. The ability of Ohio Valley to borrow funds from the Bank is limited as to amount and terms by banking regulations. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System also has a policy requiring Ohio Valley to provide notice to the FRB in advance of the payment of a dividend to Ohio Valley’s shareholders under certain circumstances, and the FRB may disapprove of such dividend payment if the FRB determines the payment would be an unsafe or unsound practice.

Note Q - Parent Company Only Condensed Financial Information

Below is condensed financial information of Ohio Valley. In this information, Ohio Valley’s investment in its subsidiaries is stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of the subsidiaries since acquisition. This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION

	Years ended December 31:
Assets	2025		2024
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,358	$	2,741
Investment in subsidiaries		175,038		156,348
Notes receivable – subsidiaries		1,947		2,251
Other assets		254		270
Total assets	$	181,597	$	161,610

Liabilities
Notes payable	$	2,601	$	2,501
Subordinated debentures		8,500		8,500
Other liabilities		239		281
Total liabilities		11,340		11,282

Shareholders’ Equity
Total shareholders’ equity		170,257		150,328
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	181,597	$	161,610

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note Q - Parent Company Only Condensed Financial Information (continued)

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

	Years ended December 31:
Income:	2025		2024
Interest on notes	$	91	$	108
Dividends from subsidiaries		6,300		5,000

Expenses:
Interest on notes		117		115
Interest on subordinated debentures		531		618
Operating expenses		415		390
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		5,328		3,985
Income tax benefit		198		207
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		10,075		6,807
Net Income	$	15,601	$	10,999
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		8,615		944
Comprehensive Income	$	24,216	$	11,943

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Years ended December 31:
Cash flows from operating activities:	2025			2024
Net Income	$	15,601		$	10,999
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		(10,075	)		(6,807	)
Common stock issued to ESOP		—			500
Change in other assets		16			23
Change in other liabilities		(42	)		(2,639	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		5,500			2,076

Cash flows from investing activities:
Change in notes receivable		304			432
Net cash provided by investing activities		304			432

Cash flows from financing activities:
Change in notes payable		100			107
Purchases of treasury stock		—			(1,945	)
Cash dividends paid		(4,287	)		(4,177	)
Net cash (used in) financing activities		(4,187	)		(6,015	)

Cash and cash equivalents:
Change in cash and cash equivalents		1,617			(3,507	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		2,741			6,248
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	4,358		$	2,741

notes to the consolidated financial statements

Amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data.

Note R – Revenue From Contracts With Customers

Revenue is segregated based on the nature of products and services offered as part of contractual arrangements. Revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606 is broadly segregated within the following noninterest income categories:

• Service charges on deposit accounts – These include general service fees charged for deposit account maintenance and activity and transaction-based fees charged for certain services, such as debit card, wire transfer, or overdraft activities. Revenue is recognized when the performance obligation is completed, which is generally after a transaction is completed or monthly for account maintenance services.

• Trust fees - This includes periodic fees due from trust customers for managing the customers' financial assets. Fees are generally charged on a quarterly or annual basis and are recognized ratably throughout the period, as the services are provided on an ongoing basis.

• Electronic refund check/deposit fees – A tax refund clearing agreement between the Bank and a tax refund processor requires the Bank to process electronic refund checks and electronic refund deposits presented for payment on behalf of taxpayers through accounts containing taxpayer refunds. The Bank, in turn, receives a fee paid by the third-party tax refund processor for each transaction that is processed. The amount of fees received are tiered based on the tax refund product selected. Since the Bank acts as a sub servicer in the tax process relationship, a portion of the fee collected is passed on to the tax refund processor.

• Debit/credit card interchange income – This includes interchange income from cardholder transactions conducted with merchants, throughout various interchange networks with which the Company participates. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized daily, as transaction processing services are provided to the deposit customer. Gross fees from interchange are recorded in operating income separately from gross network costs, which are recorded in operating expense.

• Tax preparation fees – This includes fees received by tax preparation customers of Loan Central as part of the Bank’s TAL business. After Loan Central prepares a customer’s tax return, the customer is offered the opportunity to have immediate access to a portion of the anticipated tax refund by entering into a TAL with the Bank. As part of the process, the tax customer completes a loan application and authorizes the expected tax refund to be deposited with the Bank once it is issued by the IRS. Once the Bank receives the tax refund, the refund is used to repay the TAL and Loan Central’s tax preparation fees, then the remainder of the refund is remitted to Loan Central’s tax customer.

• Float income from tax product processor – This is associated with the tax refund clearing agreement between the Bank and a third-party tax refund processor. The revenue earned is based on the estimated compensating balances associated with processing the contractual minimum number of check items multiplied by the interest rate paid by the Federal Reserve on reserves for the respective period. The float income is paid by the tax refund product processor at the end of each year of the tax agreement, which expired at the end of 2025.

Note S - Risks and Uncertainties

The risks pertinent to the Bank regarding liquidity and rising deposit costs have increased due to an elevated interest rate environment and increased deposit competition within our markets. Our liquidity position is supported by the management of liquid assets such as cash and interest-bearing deposits with banks, and liabilities such as core deposits. The Bank can also access other sources of funds such as brokered deposits and FHLB advances. With the present economic conditions putting a strain on liquidity and higher borrowing costs, the Company believes it has sufficient liquid assets and funding sources should there be a liquidity need.

report of independent registered

public accounting firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Ohio Valley Banc Corp.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of condition of Ohio Valley Banc Corp. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Collectively Evaluated Loans - Refer to Notes A and C to the Financial Statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

Management’s estimate of the allowance for credit losses (the “ACL”) includes a reserve on collectively evaluated loans. The reserve on collectively evaluated loans is based on peer group historical credit loss experience, which is adjusted for qualitative and forecast factors over the expected remaining lives of the collectively evaluated loans. Significant assumptions in management’s estimate of the reserve on collectively evaluated loans include (i) the loan segments utilized to classify loans; (ii) the peer group utilized to determine historic loss rates; (iii) the loss drivers utilized to project losses during the forecast period; and (iv) qualitative factor adjustments. In evaluating whether qualitative factor adjustments are necessary, management considers internal and external qualitative and credit risk factors.

Significant judgment was required by management in the selection and application of subjective assumptions used to derive the reserve on collectively evaluated loans. Accordingly, performing audit procedures to evaluate the Company’s estimated ACL involved a high degree of auditor judgment and required significant effort, including the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

report of independent registered

public accounting firm

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the Company’s estimate of the ACL included, but were not limited to, the following:

•	Obtaining an understanding of the Company’s process for establishing the ACL on collectively evaluated loans.

•	Evaluating the appropriateness of management’s methodology used for estimating the ACL on collectively evaluated loans.

•	Testing the completeness and accuracy of data utilized by management.

•	Evaluating the relevance and reliability of information used by management in the development of the estimate.

•

Evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used in management’s estimate through a combination of evaluating the reasonableness of certain assumptions and developing an independent range of reasonable outcomes for the collectively evaluated component of the ACL for comparison to management’s estimate.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2024.

/s/ Plante & Moran, PLLC

Plante & Moran, PLLC

Cleveland, Ohio

March 13, 2026

managements’ report on internal control

over financial reporting

Board of Directors and Shareholders

Ohio Valley Banc Corp.

The management of Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

The system of internal control over financial reporting as it relates to the consolidated financial statements is evaluated for effectiveness by management. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, in relation to criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting as described in the 2013 “Internal Control Integrated Framework,” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, its system of internal control over financial reporting is effective and meets the criteria of the “Internal Control Integrated Framework.”

Ohio Valley Banc Corp.

/s/Larry E. Miller, II	/s/Scott W. Shockey
Larry E. Miller, II President and Chief Executive Officer	Scott W. Shockey Senior Vice President, CFO

March 13, 2026

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this report and other publicly available documents incorporated herein by reference constitute “forward looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements are often, but not always, identified by the use of such words as “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plan,” “goal,” “seek,” “project,” “estimate,” “strategy,” “future,” “likely,” “may,” “should,” “will,” and other similar expressions. Such statements involve various important assumptions, risks, uncertainties, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, particularly with regard to developments related to the current economic and geopolitical landscape, and which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward looking statements. However, it is difficult to predict the effect of known factors, and Ohio Valley Banc Corp. (“Ohio Valley”) cannot anticipate all factors that could affect future results. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations expressed in or implied in forward looking statements include, but are not limited to: the effects of fluctuating interest rates on our customers’ operations and financial condition; changes in political, economic or other factors, such as inflation rates, recessionary or expansive trends, taxes, tariffs, the effects of implementation of legislation and the continuing economic uncertainty in various parts of the world; competitive pressures; the level of defaults and prepayment on loans made by Ohio Valley and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”); unanticipated litigation, claims, or assessments; fluctuations in the cost of obtaining funds to make loans; and regulatory changes. Additional detailed information concerning such factors is available in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under the Exchange Act, including the disclosure under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of Part I of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and elsewhere in this document (including, without limitation, in conjunction with the forward looking statements themselves and under the heading “Critical Accounting Estimates”). All forward looking statements are qualified in their entirety by these and other cautionary statements that the Company makes from time to time in its other SEC filings and public communications. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company undertakes no obligation and disclaims any duty to update or revise any forward looking statements, whether as a result of new information, unanticipated future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The purpose of this discussion is to provide an analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of the Company that is not otherwise apparent from the audited consolidated financial statements included in this report. The accompanying consolidated financial information has been prepared by management in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”) and is consistent with that reported in the consolidated financial statements. Reference should be made to those statements and the selected financial data presented elsewhere in this report for an understanding of the following tables and related discussion. All dollars are reported in thousands, except share and per share data.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

BUSINESS OVERVIEW:

The following discussion on consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ohio Valley and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, The Ohio Valley Bank Company (the “Bank”), Loan Central, Inc., a consumer finance company (“Loan Central”), and Ohio Valley Financial Services Agency, LLC, an insurance agency. The Bank has one active, wholly-owned subsidiary, Ohio Valley REO, LLC, an Ohio limited liability company.

The Company is primarily engaged in commercial and retail banking, offering a blend of commercial and consumer banking services within southeastern Ohio as well as western West Virginia. The banking services offered by the Bank include the acceptance of deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts; the making and servicing of personal and commercial loans; the making of construction and real estate loans; and credit card services. The Bank also offers individual retirement accounts, safe deposit boxes, wire transfers and other standard banking products and services. Furthermore, the Bank offers Tax Refund Advance Loans (“TALs”) to Loan Central tax customers. A TAL represents a short-term loan offered by the Bank to tax preparation customers of Loan Central.

IMPACT OF PARTICIPATING IN THE OHIO HOMEBUYER PLUS PROGRAM:

During the third quarter of 2024, the Company began participating in a program offered by the Ohio Treasurer (the “Treasurer”) called the Ohio Homebuyer Plus. The program is designed to encourage Ohio residents to save for the purchase of a home. As a participant in the program, the Company developed the “Sweet Home Ohio” deposit account to offer participants an above-market interest rate of 5.83%, along with a deposit bonus to assist customers in achieving their home savings goals. For each Sweet Home Ohio account that was opened, the Company received a deposit from the Treasurer at a subsidized interest rate of 0.86%. In relation to program changes implemented by the Treasurer post implementation, the rate on the matching funds increased to 1.66% at December 31, 2025. Accounts connected with Ohio Homebuyer Plus must be used within five years and the corresponding balance of Treasurer deposits will fluctuate based upon active customer accounts. At December 31, 2025, the balance of Sweet Home Ohio accounts totaled $9,478 compared to $6,775 at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025, the amount of Treasurer deposits totaled $69,899 compared to $97,366 at December 31, 2024. Since the Treasurer deposits are classified as public funds, which are required to be collateralized, the Company invested the funds in securities to be pledged as collateral to the Treasurer. At December 31, 2025, the balance of securities used to collateralize the Treasurer deposits totaled $61,315 compared to $102,871 at December 31, 2024. In addition, at December 31, 2025, the Company utilized $12,050 in letters of credit issued on the Bank’s behalf by the FHLB to collateralize the amount of the Treasurer’s balance not covered by securities. The balance at December 31, 2024 was fully collateralized by securities.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:

SUMMARY

2025 v. 2024

Ohio Valley generated net income of $15,601 for 2025, an increase of $4,602, or 41.8%, from 2024. Earnings per share were $3.31 for 2025, an increase of 42.7% from 2024. The increase in net income and earnings per share for 2025 was largely impacted by average earning asset growth and the net interest margin. The average growth was impacted by a composition shift into higher-yielding loans and securities, combined with a consumer shift to more lower-cost deposit sources that helped minimize the higher average costs paid on deposits and borrowings.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

The Company’s net interest income in 2025 was $57,745, representing an increase of $8,941, or 18.3%, from 2024. Net interest income during 2025 was positively impacted by a $102,674 increase in average earning assets, with higher relative balances being maintained in loans, as opposed to interest-bearing deposits with banks or securities, which generally yield less than loans. This led to a $75,080 increase in average loans and a $52,599 increase in average securities, while average interest-bearing deposits with banks decreased $25,005 from year-end 2024. The benefits of higher earning assets were further enhanced by a year-to-date increase in the Company’s fully tax-equivalent net interest income as a percentage of average earning assets (“net interest margin”), which increased 36 basis points to 4.07% at December 31, 2025. The increase in the net interest margin was related to the yield on earning assets increasing, while the cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased.

Net interest income increased $8,941, or 18.3%, during 2025, compared to 2024. Growth in net interest earnings was mostly impacted by growth in average earning assets, which increased 7.7% during 2025. This was further enhanced by a higher net interest margin, increasing 36 basis points during 2025. The growth in average earning assets came primarily from loans and securities. Loan increases were led by the commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and residential real estate loan segments. Average securities grew in large part to increased pledging requirements on public fund deposits as part of the Ohio Homebuyer Plus program. The decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks consisted mostly of average balances maintained at the Company’s interest-bearing Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) clearing account. Increases in the net interest margin were largely related to the yield on earning assets increasing while the cost of funding sources decreased. The increase in the yield on earning assets was related to the growth in higher yielding loans and securities, along with the recognition of market discounts on purchased loans totaling $1,648. The cost of funding sources decreased as the composition of funding sources shifted to lower cost deposit sources such as negotiable order of withdrawal (“NOW”), money market, and savings accounts. Furthermore, the cost of certificates of deposit (“CDs”) decreased as higher costing CDs repriced to lower current market rates.

Provision for credit losses during 2025 increased $585, or 23.7%, from 2024. The increase was primarily due to growth in both loans and off-balance sheet commitments related to unused commercial lines, as well as an increase in modeled loss rates due to the regression in gross domestic product (“GDP”) and unemployment projections.

The Company’s noninterest income decreased $4,201, or 31.9%, from 2024. The year-to-date decrease in noninterest income was largely due to the loss on sales of securities totaling $3,747. During the third and fourth quarters of 2025, the Company sold $36,950 in securities that were yielding 1.35% and replaced them with longer duration securities yielding 4.52%, which is expected to increase future interest income. Decreases to noninterest income also came from other noninterest income, which lowered by $690 during 2025 and were largely related to lower earnings from a tax processing agreement and the disposition of certain assets. Partially offsetting these decreases was interchange income earned on debit and credit card transactions, which increased $196 during 2025, benefiting from an increase in the number of transactions.

The Company’s noninterest expenses during 2025 decreased $1,921, or 4.2%, from 2024. This decrease was mostly impacted by salary and employee benefit expense, which lowered by $2,873, or 10.3%, during 2025, as compared to 2024. The decrease was largely the result of a voluntary early retirement program offered to employees meeting certain criteria during the fourth quarter of 2024, which resulted in a one-time expense of $3,338 in 2024. The savings from the early retirement program were partially offset by annual merit increases and data processing and marketing expense. During 2025, data processing expense increased $457 due to higher debit and credit card processing costs associated with higher transaction volume and conversion costs for the Company’s new rewards platform. Increases in marketing expense of $385 were primarily related to advertising, a higher contribution to our own foundation fund and costs associated with supporting the communities we serve.

The Company’s provision for income taxes increased $1,474 during 2025, largely due to the changes in taxable income affected by the factors mentioned above.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

NET INTEREST INCOME

The most significant portion of the Company’s revenue, net interest income, results from properly managing the spread between interest income on earning assets and interest expense incurred on interest-bearing liabilities. The Company earns interest and dividend income from loans, investment securities and short-term investments while incurring interest expense on interest-bearing deposits and short- and long-term borrowings. Net interest income is affected by changes in both the average volume and mix of assets and liabilities and the level of interest rates for financial instruments. Changes in net interest income are measured by net interest margin and net interest spread. Net interest margin is expressed as the percentage of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. Net interest spread is the difference between the average yield earned on interest-earning assets and the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Both of these are reported on a fully tax-equivalent (“FTE”) basis. Net interest margin exceeds the net interest rate spread because noninterest-bearing sources of funds, principally noninterest-bearing demand deposits and stockholders’ equity, also support interest-earning assets. The following is a discussion of changes in interest-earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and the associated impact on interest income and interest expense for the two years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Tables I and II have been prepared to summarize the significant changes outlined in this analysis.

Net interest income in 2025 totaled $58,279 on an FTE basis, up $8,939, or 18.1%, from 2024. This increase reflects the positive contributions from a 7.7% increase in average earning assets and a 36 basis point improvement in the net interest margin. The increase in average earning assets came mostly from a 7.3% increase in loans and a 23.6% increase in securities, partially offset by a 29.0% decrease in interest-bearing balances with banks during 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in the net interest margin was related to an increase in the earning asset yield combined with a decrease in the cost of funding sources. The earning asset yield increased 25 basis points in large part due to the growth in higher yielding loans and securities, along with the recognition of $1,648 in market discounts on purchased loans during 2025. The decreases in the cost of funding sources were partially linked to higher costing CDs repricing to lower current market rates along with a shift in the composition of funding sources to lower cost deposit sources such as NOW, money market, and savings accounts. These factors contributed to a decrease in the Company’s average interest-bearing liability costs by 20 basis points during 2025. As a result, the net interest margin increased 36 basis points from 3.71% in 2024 to 4.07% in 2025. The net interest margin increase of 36 basis points reflects a 25 basis point increase from the mix and yield on earning assets and a 20 basis point decrease in funding costs impacted by CD market rate decreases and a composition shift to a greater number of lower-costing deposits. These positive effects were partially offset by a 9 basis point decrease from the use of noninterest-bearing funding (i.e., demand deposits and shareholders’ equity).

Net interest income increased in 2025 primarily due to the increase in both the average volume and yield of earning assets combined with the decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. These positive factors were partially offset by an increase in the average volume of interest-bearing liabilities in 2025. The volume increase in average earning assets contributed to a $5,515 increase in FTE interest income during 2025 compared to 2024, while the yield increase in average earning assets was responsible for increasing FTE interest income by $3,957 during the same period. Furthermore, the decrease in average interest-bearing liability costs contributed to a $1,643 decrease in interest expense during 2025, which also contributed to the growth in net interest income. These positive impacts were partially offset by a volume increase in average interest-bearing liabilities that contributed to a $2,176 increase in interest expense during 2025 compared to 2024. The volume increase in average earning assets was led by loans, which increased $75,080, or 7.3%, during 2025, which contributed to $4,951 in additional FTE interest income during 2025 compared to 2024. Average balance growth occurred within the Company’s commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and residential real estate loan portfolio segments, partially offset by a decrease in the consumer loan segment. While average loans increased in 2025, average securities experienced more accelerated growth in 2025. As a result, the Company’s average loan composition decreased to 76.5% of average earning assets at year-end 2025, as compared to 76.8% for 2024. The increase in average earning asset yield for 2025 was largely impacted by loans, which included the recognition of $1,648 in market discounts on one purchased commercial and industrial loan during 2025. Loan yields were mostly impacted by the commercial and residential real estate loan portfolios. The increase in loan yields was only partially limited by the actions taken by the FRB to decrease short-term rates during 2024 and 2025, which had a direct impact on the repricing of a portion of the Company’s loan portfolio. As a result, the average loan yield grew to 6.73% at year-end 2025, as compared to 6.40% at year-end 2024, which contributed to $3,441 in additional FTE interest income during 2025 compared to 2024.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

Securities also had a positive impact to net interest income, with average balances of $275,098 at year-end 2025, representing a 23.6% increase from the $222,499 in average securities at year-end 2024. The $52,599 increase came primarily from average taxable securities and was largely impacted by the purchase of $100,497 in U.S. Government securities during the third quarter of 2024 as part of the Company’s participation in the state’s Homebuyer Plus program. The securities were purchased at a “higher-than-portfolio” weighted average yield of 4.7% with maturity terms ranging from 6 to 18 months. The security purchases were used to collateralize $100,000 in public fund deposits received by the Treasurer as part of the program, which contributed to the 23.6% increase in average security balances and expanded its composition of earnings assets during 2025 compared to 2024. Additionally, the Company took opportunities during the third and fourth quarters of 2025 to sell $36,950 in taxable securities that were yielding 1.35% and replace them with similar taxable securities yielding 4.52% with a longer duration. While this strategy did not impact the volume growth of securities in 2025, it did contribute to the overall yield improvement on average securities in 2025. As a result, the composition of average taxable securities increased to 18.8% of average earning assets at year-end 2025, as compared to 16.2% at year-end 2024, which contributed to a $1,713 increase in FTE interest income during 2025. Furthermore, the average yield for taxable securities grew to 3.40% at year-end 2025, as compared to 2.89% at year-end 2024, which contributed to $1,379 in additional FTE interest income during 2025 compared to 2024. Average tax exempt securities were down 12.6% from the prior year, largely related to maturities of state and municipal investments. As a result, the composition of average state and municipal investments trended down to 0.4% of average earning assets at year-end 2025, as compared to 0.5% at year-end 2024. Management continues to focus on generating loan growth as loans provide the greatest return to the Company. Management also maintains securities at a dollar level adequate enough to provide ample liquidity and cover pledging requirements.

Interest-bearing balances with banks experienced decreases in both the average volume and yield factors that contributed to a $1,985 decrease in interest income during 2025, as compared to 2024. The majority of average interest-bearing balances with banks consist of the Company’s interest-bearing FRB clearing account. The Company utilizes its interest-bearing FRB clearing account to manage excess funds, as well as to assist in funding earning asset growth. During 2025, excess funds from the FRB account were used to assist in funding loan growth, which contributed a $25,005, or 29.0%, decrease in average interest-bearing balances with other banks, and led to a lower composition of average interest-bearing balances with banks, finishing at 4.3% of average earning assets in 2025 compared to 6.5% in 2024. Short-term rate decreases during 2024 and 2025 also had a negative impact to interest income growth during 2025. Between September and December 2024, the FRB took action to reduce the rate associated with the FRB clearing account by 100 basis points due to inflationary pressures, which lowered the target federal funds rate to a range of 4.25% to 4.50% going into 2025. Between October and December 2025, the FRB again reduced the rate associated with the FRB clearing account by 75 basis points due to concerns of a weakening labor market. This lowered the target federal funds rate to a range of 3.50% to 3.75% at the end of 2025. The decreases in interest rates had a negative impact on the FRB clearing account’s interest earnings. As a result, the average yield on interest-bearing balances with banks decreased from 5.16% at year-end 2024 to 4.03% at year-end 2025.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

Net interest income during 2025 was negatively impacted by an increase in the average volume of interest-bearing liabilities and positively impacted by a decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. The volume increase in average interest-bearing liabilities contributed to a $2,176 increase in interest expense during 2025 compared to 2024, while the cost decrease in average interest-bearing liabilities was responsible for decreasing interest expense by $1,643 during the same period. These impacts came largely from the Company’s time deposits. During the second half of 2025, the Company was successful in raising additional retail deposits used to assist in funding loan demand by issuing several special CD rate offerings during that time. This growth in retail CDs contributed to a $34,289 increase in average time deposits, which contributed to a $1,515 increase to interest expense. While retail CDs contributed to an 8.9% increase in average time deposits for 2025, average NOW, savings and money market accounts experienced more accelerated growth in 2025. As a result, the Company’s composition of average time deposits decreased from 41.6% at year-end 2024 to 41.3% at year-end 2025. While the movement of higher time deposit balances had a corresponding impact to higher interest expense, the average cost associated with time deposits has decreased. During 2024, rate offerings on retail CDs continued to adjust up because of market competition. The Company had offered various “short-term” CD rate specials with maturity terms of less than one year to attract and retain its core deposit funding during this time. Since then, product rates on retail CDs have decreased during 2025, which has allowed a large portion of those short-term retail CDs to renew at lower rates, or in some cases, be reinvested into lower-costing NOW, savings or money market accounts. As a result of the rate repricings on retail CDs and the deposit shift into lower-cost funding sources, the average cost of time deposits decreased from 4.65% at year-end 2024 to 4.11% at year-end 2025. This contributed to a $2,188 decrease in interest expense.

Growth in the Company’s average interest-bearing liabilities also came from the Company’s core deposit segments that include NOW, savings and money market accounts. A large portion of this growth came from lower-costing NOW and savings account balances related to the Company’s participation in the Homebuyers Plus program. The additions of the municipal NOW Treasurer account and new Home Sweet Home savings accounts during the second half of 2024 led to a $43,129 increase within average interest-bearing deposits during 2025 compared to 2024. Average interest-bearing deposit growth also came from the Company’s new tiered money market product that offered competitive rates (Money Fund), which increased $32,929 during 2025. As a result of additional deposits from the Homebuyers Plus program and consumer demand for the Money Fund product, average balances during 2025 increased 12.4% within NOW accounts and increased 11.3% within savings and money market accounts, altogether representing 54.0% of average interest-bearing liabilities in 2025, as compared to 52.9% in 2024. Interest expense on these accounts were also impacted by higher rates on NOW accounts and tiered Money Fund product. This also included Sweet Home Ohio savings accounts at an above-market rate of 5.83%. As a result, the Company’s average cost of savings and money market accounts increased from 1.50% in 2024 to 1.56% in 2025, while the average cost of NOW accounts increased from 1.16% in 2024 to 1.36% in 2025. Collectively, this contributed to a $1,442 increase to interest expense during 2025.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

The Company’s average other borrowings and subordinated debentures collectively decreased $3,818, or 7.4%, during 2025. The decrease was related to monthly principal repayments on various FHLB advances. Borrowings and subordinated debentures continue to represent the smallest composition of average interest-bearing liabilities, finishing at 4.7% and 5.6% at the end of 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decreasing rate environment also impacted the average cost on subordinated debentures, which decreased from 7.27% at year-end 2024 to 6.25% at year-end 2025, while the average cost on other borrowings remained unchanged at 3.93% for both year-end 2024 and 2025.

Total interest and fee income on average earning assets increased $9,472, or 12.4%, during 2025, and $13,843, or 22.2%, during 2024. The increase was primarily due to average net loan and securities growth, and elevated asset yields. Higher earnings during 2025 included the recognition of $1,648 in market discounts on one purchased commercial and industrial loan. Higher earnings during 2024 included the benefits of a rising rate environment from 2023 that carried over into 2024.

The Company’s interest income from its interest-bearing balances with banks decreased $1,985 and increased $1,567 during 2025 and 2024, respectively. This contrast in earnings came from the changes in volume and rate associated with the interest-bearing FRB clearing account. Lower earnings in 2025 was the result of utilizing more excess funds from the FRB clearing account to assist in funding loan growth, while also being impacted by decreases in market rates associated with reducing the FRB clearing account rate during 2025. Higher earnings in 2024 were impacted primarily by increases in average FRB clearing account balances coming from higher interest-bearing deposit liabilities.

The Company’s interest and fees from its commercial loan portfolio increased $8,353, or 25.6%, during 2025. The increase came primarily from commercial loan interest, which was positively impacted by commercial loan demand, which was successful in generating a 13.8% increase in average balances within the Company’s commercial real estate and commercial and industrial portfolios. Also contributing to higher interest income was the recognition of $1,648 in market discounts on one purchased commercial and industrial loan during 2025. During 2024, the Company’s interest and fees from its commercial loan portfolio increased $5,833, or 21.8%. The increase came primarily from commercial loan interest, which was positively impacted by commercial loan demand and elevated market rate adjustments from 2023 that contributed to higher earnings in 2024. Commercial loan demand in 2024 generated a 10.6% increase in average commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loan portfolio balances.

The Company’s interest and fees from its residential real estate loan portfolio increased $1,330, or 8.1%, during 2025, and increased $3,011, or 22.6%, during 2024. The increases were impacted by higher yields, as well as a 7.1% and 12.0% increase in average residential real estate loan balances during 2025 and 2024, respectively. The growth has been impacted mostly by in-house variable rate mortgage products while long-term fixed rate products decreased. The consumer demand for variable rate mortgage products was impacted by the increase in mortgage rates that began in 2022 and carried through most of 2024 up until mortgage rates began to decline. As a result, interest income on residential real estate loans increased $1,306 and $3,021 during 2025 and 2024, respectively.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

The Company’s interest and fees from its consumer loan portfolio decreased $1,294, or 8.1%, during 2025. Conversely, consumer loan interest and fees during 2024 increased $1,273, or 8.7%. The decrease during 2025 was primarily the result of an 11.9% decrease in average consumer loan balances. The decrease in average consumer loans came primarily from average automobile and other consumer loan balances, which were collectively down $25,561, or 20.4%, during 2025. This balance decrease was partially offset by higher consumer capital line loan balances, which were up $5,802, or 14.6%, during 2025. The Company has deemphasized the consumer loan segment due to other loan portfolio segments being more profitable. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company exited the indirect lending business for automobiles and recreational vehicles to focus on growing the more profitable loan segments within the commercial and residential real estate portfolios. During 2024, the increase in consumer loan interest and fee income was primarily the result of higher consumer loan yields, and to a lesser extent, a 0.2% increase in average consumer loan balances. Higher consumer loan yields were impacted by elevated market rate adjustments from 2023 that contributed to higher interest earnings in 2024. The minimal increase in average consumer loans was due to the deemphasis on consumer lending, which saw a 6.3% decrease in average automobile and other consumer loan balances almost completely offset a 28.3% increase in consumer capital line loan balances.

The Company’s interest income from taxable investment securities increased $3,092, or 49.5%, in 2025, and increased $2,244, or 56.1%, during 2024. The increases during both 2025 and 2024 were primarily due to the purchase of $100,497 in higher-yielding U.S. Government securities in July and August of 2024 from the Company’s participation in the Ohio Homebuyer Plus program. As part of the program, the Company received $100,000 in funds from the Treasurer that were deposited into a special public fund NOW account. Since public funds are required to be collateralized, the Company invested the funds in securities that were pledged as collateral to this Treasurer deposit account. The large securities purchased had a positive impact on generating higher average balances in taxable securities, which increased $53,397, or 24.7%, during 2025, and $36,645, or 20.4%, during 2024. These securities were purchased at a weighted average yield of 4.7%, which had a positive impact on increasing the yield on taxable securities during both 2025 and 2024. The yield on average taxable securities for 2025 was further impacted by the Company’s decision to sell $36,950 in taxable securities during the second half of 2025 that were yielding 1.35% and replace them with similar taxable securities yielding 4.52% with longer durations. As a result of these positive factors, the yield on taxable securities increased 51 basis points to 3.40% in 2025 and increased 66 basis points to 2.89% in 2024.

During 2025, total interest expense incurred on the Company’s interest-bearing liabilities totaled $27,492, an increase of $533, or 2.0%. The increase was impacted by an $88,367, or 9.5%, increase in average interest-bearing liabilities, coming mostly from higher NOW, savings, money market, and time deposit balances. The increases in NOW and savings account balances were impacted by the additions of lower- costing accounts related to the Company’s participation in the Homebuyers Plus program during the second half of 2024. The increase in money market account balances were largely impacted by deposit growth within the Company’s tiered money market product (Money Fund) that offered competitive rates. The increase in time deposit balances was impacted by the Company’s strategy to raise additional retail deposits during the second half of 2025 by offering several special CD rate offerings during that time. The growth in interest expense from higher average interest-bearing liabilities was partially offset by the benefits of a lower average cost on average interest-bearing liabilities during 2025, primarily within time deposits. Prior to 2025, market competition for deposits had resulted in higher rates on short-term CD offerings. Since then, product rates on retail CDs have decreased during 2025, which allowed a large portion of those short-term retail CDs to renew at lower rates, or in some cases, be reinvested into lower-costing NOW, savings or money market accounts. As a result, the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased from 2.89% at year-end 2024 to 2.69% at year-end 2025. During 2024, total interest expense incurred on the Company’s interest-bearing liabilities totaled $26,959, an increase of $11,121, or 70.2%. The increase in interest expense was largely the result of an increase in rates on CDs, NOW, savings and money market account products during 2023 that contributed to higher expenses during 2024. The combination of higher CD volume and upward repricing of CD rates in 2024 had a negative effect on earnings by elevating interest expenses. As a result, the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased from 2.01% in 2023 to 2.89% in 2024.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

The Company’s interest expenses were also impacted by other borrowed money and subordinated debentures, which were down collectively by $236 during the year ended 2025. The decrease was primarily the result of continued monthly principal repayments applied to the Company’s FHLB advances that contributed to a $3,818, or 7.4%, decrease in the average balance of other borrowed money and subordinated debentures, collectively, during 2025. Interest expense during 2025 was also impacted by decreases in market rates that had a corresponding effect to the rate tied to subordinated debentures, which caused the average cost of subordinated debentures to decrease from 7.27% at year-end 2024 to 6.25% at year-end 2025. During 2024, the interest expenses on other borrowed money and subordinated debentures were up $656 collectively during the year ended 2024. The increase was primarily the result of an average balance increase in FHLB borrowings to assist in funding earning asset growth during 2024. As a result, the average balance of other borrowed money and subordinated debentures collectively increased $11,481, or 28.4%, during 2024. Interest expense during 2024 was also impacted by an increase in market rates that had a corresponding effect to the rates tied to FHLB borrowings and subordinated debentures. This resulted in the average costs of other borrowed money and subordinated debentures collectively increasing 36 basis points to 4.48% in 2024.

During 2025, the Company’s net interest margin increased from 3.71% in 2024 to 4.07% in 2025. The margin has benefited from increases in both the average balance and yield on earning assets, primarily from higher-yielding loans and securities. Margin improvement also come from a decrease in the average costs on interest-bearing deposits associated with the repricing of CDs at lower market rates and a deposit composition shift from higher-costing time deposits to lower-costing savings, NOW, money market and checking account deposits. The Company’s primary focus is to invest its funds into higher-yielding assets, particularly loans, as opportunities arise. However, if loan balances do not continue to expand and remain a larger component of overall earning assets, the Company will face pressure within its net interest income and margin improvement.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

CONSOLIDATED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEET & ANALYSIS OF NET INTEREST INCOME

	December 31
Table I	2025								2024
(dollars in thousands)	Average Balance			Income/ Expense		Yield/ Average			Average Balance			Income/ Expense		Yield/ Average
Assets
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing balances with banks	$	61,117		$	2,462		4.03	%	$	86,122		$	4,447		5.16	%
Securities:
Taxable		269,543			9,338		3.40			216,146			6,246		2.89
Tax exempt		5,555			134		2.41			6,353			161		2.53
Loans		1,097,300			73,837		6.73			1,022,220			65,445		6.40
Total interest-earning assets		1,433,515			85,771		5.98	%		1,330,841			76,299		5.73	%

Noninterest-earning assets:
Cash and due from banks		16,687								15,839
Other nonearning assets		89,111								87,883
Allowance for credit losses		(10,726	)							(9,411	)
Total noninterest-earning assets		95,072								94,311
Total assets	$	1,528,587							$	1,425,152

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Interest-bearing liabilities:
NOW accounts	$	252,900		$	3,429		1.36	%	$	225,088		$	2,614		1.16	%
Savings and money market		297,428			4,646		1.56			267,344			4,019		1.50
Time deposits		421,548			17,333		4.11			387,259			18,006		4.65
Other borrowed money		39,528			1,553		3.93			43,346			1,702		3.93
Subordinated debentures		8,500			531		6.25			8,500			618		7.27
Total int.-bearing liabilities		1,019,904			27,492		2.69	%		931,537			26,959		2.89	%

Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposit accounts		323,961								320,681
Other liabilities		26,029								26,217
Total noninterest-bearing liabilities		349,990								346,898

Shareholders’ equity		158,693								146,717
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,528,587							$	1,425,152

Net interest earnings				$	58,279							$	49,340
Net interest margin							4.07	%							3.71	%
Net interest rate spread							3.29	%							2.84	%
Average interest-bearing liabilities to average earning assets							71.15	%							70.00	%

Fully taxable equivalent yields are reported for tax exempt securities and loans and calculated assuming a 21% tax rate, net of nondeductible interest expense. Tax-equivalent adjustments for securities during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 totaled $24 and $29, respectively. Tax-equivalent adjustments for loans during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 totaled $510 and $507, respectively. Average balances are computed on an average daily basis. The average balance for AFS securities includes the market value adjustment. However, the calculated yield is based on the securities’ amortized cost. Average loan balances include nonaccruing loans. Loan income includes cash received on nonaccruing loans.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

RATE VOLUME ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN INTEREST INCOME & EXPENSE

Table II

(dollars in thousands)	2025									2024
	Increase (Decrease) From Previous Year Due to									Increase (Decrease) From Previous Year Due to
	Volume			Yield/Rate			Total			Volume			Yield/Rate			Total
Interest income
Interest-bearing balances with banks	$	(1,129	)	$	(856	)	$	(1,985	)	$	1,365		$	202		$	1,567
Securities:
Taxable		1,713			1,379			3,092			915			1,329			2,244
Tax exempt		(20	)		(7	)		(27	)		(27	)		(12	)		(39	)
Loans		4,951			3,441			8,392			5,338			4,733			10,071
Total interest income		5,515			3,957			9,472			7,591			6,252			13,843

Interest expense
NOW accounts		346			469			815			316			310			626
Savings and money market		465			162			627			(41	)		1,847			1,806
Time deposits		1,515			(2,188	)		(673	)		4,511			3,522			8,033
Other borrowed money		(150	)		1			(149	)		429			206			635
Subordinated debentures		----			(87	)		(87	)		----			21			21
Total interest expense		2,176			(1,643	)		533			5,215			5,906			11,121
Net interest earnings	$	3,339		$	5,600		$	8,939		$	2,376		$	346		$	2,722

The change in interest due to volume and rate is determined as follows: Volume Variance change in volume multiplied by the previous year’s rate; Yield/Rate Variance change in rate multiplied by the previous year’s volume; Total Variance change in volume multiplied by the change in rate. The change in interest due to both volume and rate has been allocated to volume and rate changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each. The tax exempt securities and loan income is presented on an FTE basis. FTE yield assumes a 21% tax rate, net of related nondeductible interest expense.

PROVISION EXPENSE

The Company sets aside an ACL through charges to income, which are reflected in the consolidated statement of income as the provision for credit losses. Provision for credit loss is recorded to achieve an ACL that is adequate to absorb estimated losses inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio, unfunded loans, and held to maturity debt securities. Management performs, on a quarterly basis, a detailed analysis of the ACL that encompasses asset portfolio composition, asset quality, loss experience and other relevant economic factors.

During 2025, the Company recorded $3,054 in provision expense, an increase of $585, or 23.7%, from the provision expense in 2024. Total provision expense during 2025 consisted of $2,765 in provision expense from loans and $289 in provision expense from unfunded commitments, as no provision expense was required for HTM securities.

Provision expense on loans during 2025 was impacted by increases in loan balances generally allocated for during 2025. The risk associated with a $134,193 increase in loans generated higher general reserves and a corresponding increase to provision expense. In addition, provision expense on loans was further impacted by an increase in modeled loss rates due to the regression in GDP and unemployment projections. Collectively, this contributed to additional provision expense during 2025, primarily within the commercial real estate loan segment.

Provision expense on loans during 2025 was also impacted by net loan charge-offs, which totaled $1,334 for the year. Net loan charge-offs came mostly from the consumer loan portfolio, which totaled $1,258, and required a corresponding increase to provision expense during 2025.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

Credit loss expense during 2025 was also impacted by unfunded commitments on off-balance sheet liabilities. The Company re-evaluated its unfunded commitments to extend credit at December 31, 2025 and determined a reserve of $871 was required, which resulted in additional provision expense of $289 during the year ended 2025. The impact came mostly from an increase in commitment balances and an increase in the expected funding rate.

The Company re-evaluated its reserve for HTM debt securities at December 31, 2025 and determined a reserve of $1 was required, which represents no change from 2024.

During 2024, the Company recorded $2,469 in provision expense, an increase of $379, or 18.1%, from the provision expense in 2023. Total provision expense during 2024 consisted of $2,580 in provision expense from loans, partially offset by recoveries of provision expense from both unfunded commitments and HTM securities that totaled $110 and $1, respectively.

Provision expense on loans during 2024 was impacted primarily by net loan charge-offs, which totaled $1,259 for the year. Net loan charge-offs came mostly from the consumer loan portfolio, which totaled $1,587, and required a corresponding increase to provision expense during 2024.

Provision expense on loans during 2024 was also impacted by increases in loan balances generally allocated for during 2024. The risk associated with an $89,925 increase in loans generated higher general reserves and a corresponding increase to provision expense.

Provision expense on loans during 2024 was further impacted by reserves associated with certain qualitative risk factors. The loss drivers within these factors, including unemployment and gross domestic product, which all regressed during 2024. This contributed to additional provision expense during 2024, primarily within the commercial real estate loan segment.

Credit loss expense during 2024 was also impacted by unfunded commitments on off-balance sheet liabilities. The Company re-evaluated its unfunded commitments to extend credit at December 31, 2024 and determined a reserve of $582 was required, which resulted in the recovery of provision expense of $110 during the year ended 2024. The impact came mostly from the commercial real estate construction segment.

Credit loss expense during 2024 was further impacted by HTM debt securities. The Company re-evaluated its reserve for HTM debt securities at December 31, 2024 and determined a reserve of $1 was required, which resulted in a $1 recovery of provision expense during the year ended 2024.

Future provisions to the ACL will continue to be based on management’s quarterly in-depth evaluation that is discussed in further detail below under the caption “Critical Accounting Estimates - Allowance for Credit Losses” within this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.

NONINTEREST INCOME

During 2025, total noninterest income decreased $4,201, or 31.9%, as compared to 2024. The decrease came primarily from losses associated with the sales of investment securities. During 2025, the Company sold $36,950 in Agency mortgage-backed securities. These securities carrying a weighted average yield of 1.35% were replaced with similar securities at a higher weighted average yield of 4.52%. While this sale and repurchase of securities resulted in a realized loss of $3,747, the Company will benefit from the shift to higher-yielding securities that is expected to increase future interest income and have a positive impact to the net interest margin.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

Noninterest income was impacted by a decrease in other noninterest income, which for 2025 decreased $690 from 2024. The decrease was largely related to lower earnings from a tax processing agreement and the disposition of certain assets. As of December 31, 2025, the tax processing agreement with the third-party vendor expired and was not renewed. For 2025, the revenue derived from the contract totaled $1,446, as compared to $1,819 for 2024. The Company is looking to provide these services for another tax refund product provider and presently is performing these services on a very limited basis for another provider. At this time, the revenue derived from the new provider is minimal and is not expected to replace the revenue earned from the previous provider.

Partially offsetting these decreases in noninterest income was interchange income earned on debit and credit cards. For 2025, interchange income increased $196, or 3.9%, from 2024. This was primarily due to an increase in the number of transactions during 2025.

NONINTEREST EXPENSE

Management continues to work diligently to minimize noninterest expense. For 2025, total noninterest expense decreased $1,921, or 4.2%, as compared to 2024. The Company’s largest noninterest expense item, salaries and employee benefits, decreased $2,873, or 10.3%, from 2024. The decrease was largely the result of a voluntary severance package offered to employees meeting certain criteria during 2024. Based on the number of employees that accepted the severance package, the Company incurred an expense of $3,338. The savings from the early retirement program were partially offset by annual performance-based merit increases awarded in 2025.

Further impacting higher noninterest expense was data processing expense, which increased $457, or 14.8%, during 2025. Higher costs in this category were related to debit and credit card processing due to higher transaction volume and conversion costs for the Company’s new rewards platform. In addition, marketing expense also increased $385 during 2025, primarily from advertising costs, a higher contribution to our own foundation fund and costs associated with supporting the communities we serve.

The Company’s other noninterest expense activity decreased $80 during 2025. This was primarily due to a decrease in customer rewards for new accounts from the Company’s facilitation of the Sweet Home Ohio program. During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company paid account bonuses totaling $496 to the new Sweet Home Ohio deposit customers. This decrease was partially offset by increases in various overhead expenses, such as, debit and credit card rewards, recruiting costs, and costs associated with fraudulent activity, which collectively increased $316 from 2024.

The Company’s efficiency ratio is a non-GAAP measurement and is defined as noninterest expense as a percentage of fully tax-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income. The effects from provision expense are excluded from the efficiency ratio. Management continues to place emphasis on managing its balance sheet mix and interest rate sensitivity as well as developing more innovative ways to generate noninterest revenue. For 2025, net interest income grew $8,941, or 18.3%, from 2024 driven by the growth in average earning assets and the increase in the net interest margin. The growth in this revenue source was partially offset by a $4,201, or 31.9% decrease in noninterest income. This decrease was largely attributed to the $3,747 loss on sale of securities. In total, the net increase in these two revenue sources was $4,740 from 2024. For 2025, noninterest expense decreased $1,921, or 4.2%, due largely to lower salaries and employee benefits that resulted from management’s implementation of a voluntary retirement program in 2024. Based on the net increase in revenue sources and the decrease in overhead expenses, the Company’s efficiency ratio decreased (improved) from 73.79% at December 31, 2024, to 65.74% at December 31, 2025.

PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES

The provision for income taxes during 2025 totaled $3,851, compared to $2,377 in 2024. The effective tax rate for 2025 was 19.8%, compared to 17.8% in 2024. The effective tax rate for 2025 was above 2024’s effective tax rate as a result of the increase in higher relative taxable income.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

FINANCIAL CONDITION:

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, as well as interest- and noninterest- bearing balances due from other banks. The amounts of cash and cash equivalents fluctuate on a daily basis due to customer activity and liquidity needs. At December 31, 2025, cash and cash equivalents decreased $37,210 to $45,897, compared to $83,107 at December 31, 2024. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents came mostly from lower interest-bearing deposits on hand with correspondent banks. At December 31, 2025, the Company’s interest-bearing FRB clearing account represented 66% of cash and cash equivalents. The Company utilizes its interest-bearing FRB clearing account to manage excess funds, as well as to assist in funding earning asset growth. During 2025, the net growth in loans and securities exceeded the growth in deposits. As a result, the balance in the FRB clearing account decreased to cover the funding requirement. The interest rate paid on both the required and excess reserve balances of the FRB account is based on the targeted federal funds rate established by the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”). During 2025, the rate associated with the Company’s FRB clearing account decreased 75 basis points due to actions taken by the FOMC to reduce the target federal funds rate to a range of 3.50% to 3.75%. The interest-bearing deposit balances in the FRB are 100% secured by the U.S. Government.

As liquidity levels continuously vary based on consumer activities, amounts of cash and cash equivalents can vary widely at any given point in time. The Company’s focus during periods of heightened liquidity will be to invest excess funds into longer-term, higher-yielding assets, primarily loans, when the opportunities arise. Further information regarding the Company’s liquidity can be found below under the caption “Liquidity” in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis

SECURITIES

Management’s goal in structuring its investment securities portfolio is to maintain a prudent level of liquidity and to provide an acceptable rate of return without sacrificing asset quality. During 2025, the balance of total securities decreased $15,811, or 5.7%, compared to year-end 2024. The decrease in total securities was related to a decrease in the pledging requirement for balances maintained by the Ohio Treasurer, as part of Ohio Homebuyer Plus program. At December 31, 2025, the amount deposited by the Treasurer totaled $69,899, a decrease from $97,366 million at December 31, 2024. This decrease in balance contributed partially to the $81,251 decrease in U.S. Government securities from year-end 2024. The Company utilized the supplemental maturities of U.S. Government securities to help fund additional purchases in U.S. Government agency (“Agency”) mortgage-backed securities, which were up $67,801, or 72.0%, from year-end 2024. Agency mortgage-backed securities represent 62.5% of total securities at December 31, 2025, an increase from 34.2% the prior year. The shift to a higher concentration in Agency mortgage-backed securities was based on the strategy to improve the yield on the portfolio as these type of securities generally yield more than U.S. Government securities. Furthermore, during 2025, the Company sold $36,950 in Agency mortgage-backed securities. These securities carrying a weighted average yield of 1.35% were replaced with similar securities at a higher weighted average yield of 4.52%. While this sale and repurchase of securities resulted in a realized loss of $3,747 with little change to the balance of earning assets, the Company will benefit from the shift to higher-yielding securities that is expected to increase future interest income and have a positive impact to the net interest margin.

Investment Portfolio Composition
at December 31, 2025	at December 31, 2024

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

SECURITIES

Table III

	MATURING
As of December 31, 2025	Within One Year						After One but Within Five Years						After Five but Within Ten Years						After Ten Years
(dollars in thousands)	Amount			Yield			Amount			Yield			Amount			Yield			Amount			Yield

U.S. Government securities		$	45,808		3.53	%		$	40,971		3.77	%		$	----		----			$	----		----
U.S. Government sponsored entity securities			----		----				5,124		1.58	%			----		----				----		----
Obligations of states and political subdivisions			620		1.31	%			2,343		2.55	%			2,111		2.89	%			----		----
Agency mortgage-backed securities, residential			----		----				3,505		2.19	%			31,866		2.00	%			126,632		4.45	%
Total securities		$	46,428		3.50	%		$	51,943		3.39	%		$	33,977		2.06	%		$	126,632		4.45	%

Tax-equivalent adjustments of $24 have been made in calculating yields on obligations of states and political subdivisions using a 21% rate. Weighted average yields are calculated on the basis of the cost and effective yields weighted for the scheduled maturity of each security. Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are assigned to a maturity category based on estimated average lives. Securities are shown at their fair values, which include the market value adjustments for AFS securities.

The Company’s focus will be to continue generating interest revenue primarily through loan growth, as loans generate the highest yields of total earning assets. Table III provides a summary of the securities portfolio by category and remaining contractual maturity. Issues classified as equity securities have no stated maturity date and are not included in Table III.

LOANS

In 2025, the Company’s primary category of earning assets and most significant source of interest income, total loans, increased $134,193, or 12.6%, to $1,196,018. The increase in loan balances came from commercial and real estate lending, which was partially reduced by consumer lending.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

Management continues to place emphasis on its commercial lending, which generally yields a higher return on investment as compared to other types of loans. The commercial lending segment increased $105,709, or 19.9%, from year-end 2024, which came mostly from commercial real estate loans. The commercial real estate loan segment comprised 39.3% of the Company’s total loan portfolio at December 31, 2025. Commercial real estate consists of owner-occupied, nonowner-occupied and construction loans. Owner-occupied loans consist of nonfarm, nonresidential properties. A commercial owner-occupied loan is a borrower purchased building or space for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon cash flows from the ongoing operations conducted by the party, or an affiliate of the party, who owns the property. Owner-occupied loans of the Company include loans secured by hospitals, churches, and hardware and convenience stores. Nonowner-occupied loans are property loans for which the repayment of principal is dependent upon rental income associated with the property or the subsequent sale of the property, such as apartment buildings, condominiums, hotels, and motels. These loans are primarily impacted by the level of interest rates associated with the debt and to local economic conditions, which dictate occupancy rates and the amount of rent charged. The increase in debt service due to higher interest rates may not be able to be passed on to tenants. As part of the origination process, loan interest rates and occupancy rates are stressed to determine the impact on the borrower’s ability to maintain adequate debt service under different economic conditions. Furthermore, the Company monitors the concentration in any one industry and has established limits relative to capital. In addition, credit quality trends are monitored by industry to determine if a change in the risk exposure to a certain industry may warrant a change in our underwriting standards. Table IV has been provided to illustrate the industry composition of the commercial real estate portfolio. Commercial construction loans are extended to individuals as well as corporations for the construction of an individual property or multiple properties and are secured by raw land and the subsequent improvements. Commercial real estate also includes loan participations with other banks outside the Company’s primary market area. Although the Company is not actively seeking to participate in loans originated outside its primary market area, it has taken advantage of the relationships it has with certain lenders in those areas where the Company believes it can profitably participate with an acceptable level of risk. Commercial real estate loans totaled $470,037 at December 31, 2025, an increase of $97,050, or 26.0%, over the balance of commercial real estate loans at year-end 2024. Most of this growth came from larger originations from nonowner-occupied loans, with balances increasing $62,438, or 30.2%, from year-end 2024. Also, contributing to growth was the owner-occupied commercial loan portfolio, which increased $28,253, or 32.7%, from year-end 2024. Lastly, the construction loan portfolio increased $6,359, or 8.0%, from year-end 2024.

Loan Portfolio Composition
at December 31,2025	at December 31, 2024

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

Commercial loans were also positively impacted by growth in commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans consist of loans to corporate borrowers primarily in small to mid-sized industrial and commercial companies that include service, retail, and wholesale merchants. Collateral securing these loans includes equipment, inventory, and stock. During 2025, the commercial and industrial loan portfolio increased $8,659 from year-end 2024.

Generating residential real estate loans remains a significant focus of the Company’s lending efforts. The residential real estate loan portfolio segment represented 34.9% of the Company’s overall loan portfolio in 2025, consists primarily of one- to four-family residential mortgages, and carries many of the same customer and industry risks as the commercial loan portfolio. During 2025, mortgage rates remained elevated relative to variable rate options, which provided the Company with less opportunities to originate and sell long-term fixed-rate residential mortgages to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. Due to the elevated mortgage rates, mortgage customers were selecting more in-house variable rate mortgage products than long-term fixed rate products, which enhanced the growth in the portfolio. As a result, residential real estate loans increased $44,386, or 11.9%, during 2025 as compared to year-end 2024. The Company’s loan balances were impacted by a decrease in the consumer loan portfolio, which was down $15,902, or 10.1%, from year-end 2024. The Company’s consumer loans are primarily secured by automobiles, mobile homes, recreational vehicles, and other personal property. Personal loans and unsecured credit card receivables are also included as consumer loans. Leading the decline in consumer loans was a decrease in auto loans of $12,969, or 25.8%, and a decrease in other consumer loans of $11,065, or 17.3%, from year-end 2024. The decrease in these portfolio segments is consistent with the Company’s strategy to deemphasize consumer loans as other loan portfolio segments are more profitable. In line with its decision to deemphasize consumer loans, the Company exited the indirect lending business for automobiles and recreational vehicles effective October 11, 2024. As a result, these portfolio segments are expected to decrease going forward. Partially offsetting the decrease in these portfolios was the $8,132, or 19.1%, increase in home equity lines of credit. The growth was related to the Company’s home equity line product with no closing costs that was introduced in 2022.

While management believes lending opportunities exist in the Company’s markets, future commercial lending activities will depend upon economic and related conditions, such as general demand for loans in the Company’s primary markets, interest rates offered by the Company, and the effects of competitive pressure and normal underwriting considerations. Management will continue to place emphasis on its commercial lending, which generally yields a higher return on investment as compared to other types of loans.

COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE BY INDUSTRY

As of December 31, 2025

Table IV

The following table provides the composition of commercial real estate loans by industry classification (as defined by the North American Industry Classification System).

(dollars in thousands)
	Amount		% of Total
Real Estate Rental and Leasing	$	242,082		51.50	%
Accommodation and Food Services		77,981		16.59	%
Retail Trade		40,281		8.57	%
Health Care and Social Assistance		23,838		5.07	%
Manufacturing		19,858		4.22	%
Construction		16,348		3.48	%
All Other		49,649		10.57	%
Total		470,037		100.00	%

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

MATURITY AND REPRICING DATA OF LOANS

As of December 31, 2024

Table V

(dollars in thousands)	Within One Year		After One but Within Five Years		After Five but Within Fifteen Years		After Fifteen Years		Total
Residential real estate loans	$	113,180	$	265,116	$	36,888	$	2,736	$	417,920
Commercial real estate loans		167,959		269,127		32,163		788		470,037
Commercial and industrial loans		58,275		38,364		39,010		31,450		167,099
Consumer loans ⁽¹⁾		74,991		56,743		9,212		16		140,962
Total loans	$	414,405	$	629,350	$	117,273	$	34,990	$	1,196,018

Loans maturing or repricing after one year with:	Variable Interest Rates		Fixed Interest Rates		Total
Residential real estate loans	$	267,177	$	37,564	$	304,741
Commercial real estate loans		250,836		51,242		302,078
Commercial and industrial loans		13,111		95,712		108,823
Consumer loans ⁽¹⁾		16		65,955		65,971
Total loans	$	531,140	$	250,473	$	781,613

(1) Includes automobile, home equity and other consumer loans.

The Company will continue to sell a portion of its long-term fixed-rate loans to the secondary market even though there is no significant demand for such loans under the current rate environment. Furthermore, the Company will continue to monitor the pace of its loan volume and will remain consistent in its approach to sound underwriting practices with a focus on asset quality.

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Tables VI and VII have been provided to enhance the understanding of the loan portfolio and the ACL. The Company maintains an ACL that represents management’s best estimate of the appropriate level of losses and risks inherent in our applicable financial assets under the CECL model. The amount of the ACL should not be interpreted as an indication that charge-offs in future periods will necessarily occur in those amounts, or at all. The determination of the ACL involves a high degree of judgement and subjectivity. Please refer to Note A – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the notes to the financial statements for discussion regarding our ACL methodologies for securities and loans.

For AFS debt securities, the Company evaluates the securities at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized costs basis is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Upon adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2023, and as of December 31, 2025, the Company determined that all AFS securities that experienced a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis were due to non-credit related factors. Therefore, no ACL was recorded, and no provision expense was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2025.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

For held to maturity (“HTM”) debt securities, the Company evaluates the securities collectively by major security type at each measurement date to determine expected credit losses based on issuer’s bond rating, historical loss, financial condition, and timely principal and interest payments. At December 31, 2025, the ACL for HTM debt securities was $1 based on a .02% cumulative default rate taken from the S&P and Moody’s bond rating index. This compares to an ACL of $1 at December 31, 2024.

For loans, the Company’s ACL is management’s estimate of expected lifetime credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers historical loss experience, current conditions, and forecasts of future economic conditions. The ACL on loans is established through a provision for credit losses recognized in earnings. The ACL on loans is reduced by charge-offs on loans and is increased by recoveries of amounts previously charged off. Management employs a process and methodology to estimate the ACL on loans that evaluates both quantitative and qualitative factors within two main components. The first component involves pooling loans into portfolio segments for loans that share similar risk characteristics. The second component involves individually analyzed loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with loans that are pooled into portfolio segments. The ACL for loans with similar risk characteristics are collectively evaluated for expected credit losses based on certain quantitative information that include historical loss rates, prepayment rates, and curtailment rates. Expected credit losses on loans with similar characteristics are also determined by considering certain qualitative factors that include national unemployment rates, national gross domestic product forecasts, changes in lending policy, quality of loan review, and delinquency status. The ACL for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are individually evaluated for expected credit losses primarily based on foreclosure status and whether a loan is collateral-dependent. Expected credit losses on individually evaluated loans are then determined using the present value of expected future cash flows based upon the loan’s original effective interest rate, at the loan’s observable market price, or if the loan was collateral dependent, at the fair value of the collateral.

As of December 31, 2025, the ACL for loans totaled $11,519, or 0.96%, of total loans. As of December 31, 2024, the ACL for loans totaled $10,088, or 0.95%, of total loans. The increase in the ACL was mostly impacted by additional reserves associated with loan growth of $134 million, and an increase in modeled loss rates due to the regression in GDP and unemployment projections.

The Company experienced higher delinquency levels from year-end 2024. Nonperforming loans to total loans increased to 1.40% at December 31, 2025, compared to 0.46% at December 31, 2024, and nonperforming assets to total assets increased to 1.06% at December 31, 2025, compared to 0.33% at December 31, 2024. The increase in nonperforming loans was primarily related to two commercial loans being placed on nonaccrual status. The loans are secured by commercial real estate and deemed adequately collateralized.

During 2025, the Company individually evaluated several loans for expected credit loss. The fair value of the loans’ collateral was measured to the loans’ recorded investment and no expected losses were identified as part of that review. As a result, there were no specific reserves recorded as of December 31, 2025. In addition, there were no specific reserves recorded as of December 31, 2024.

Management believes that the ACL at December 31, 2025, was appropriate to absorb expected losses in the loan portfolio. Changes in the circumstances of particular borrowers, as well as adverse developments in the economy, are factors that could change, and management will make adjustments to the ACL as needed. Asset quality will continue to remain a key focus of the Company as management continues to stress not just loan growth, but quality in loan underwriting.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Table VI

(dollars in thousands)
	Years Ended December 31
	2025			2024
Residential real estate loans	$	2,793		$	2.684
Percentage of loans to total loans		34.94	%		35.18	%
Percentage of net charge-offs to average loans		.01	%		-.01	%

Commercial real estate loans		5,331			3,653
Percentage of loans to total loans		39.30	%		35.13	%
Percentage of net charge-offs to average loans		.00	%		-.01	%

Commercial and industrial loans		1,738			1,536
Percentage of loans to total loans		13.97	%		14.92	%
Percentage of net charge-offs to average loans		.02	%		-.16	%

Consumer loans ⁽¹⁾		1,657			2,215
Percentage of loans to total loans		11.79	%		14.77	%
Percentage of net charge-offs to average loans		.86	%		.96	%

Allowance for credit losses	$	11,519		$	10,088
Total loans percentage		100.00	%		100.00	%
Net charge-offs to average loans		.12	%		.12	%

The above allocation is based on estimates and subjective judgments and is not necessarily indicative of the specific amounts or loan categories in which losses may ultimately occur.

(1) Includes automobile, home equity and other consumer loans.

CREDIT RATIOS

Table VII

(dollars in thousands)
	Years Ended December 31
	2025			2024
Loans	$	1,196,018		$	1,061,825
Allowance for credit losses		11,519			10,088
Past due 90 days or more and still accruing		1,258			116
Nonaccrual		15,474			4,817
Allowance for credit losses to total loans		.96	%		.95	%
Nonaccrual loans to total loans		1.29	%		.45	%
Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans		74.44	%		209.42	%

Management formally considers placing a loan on nonaccrual status when collection of principal or interest has become doubtful. Furthermore, generally, a loan is not returned to accrual status unless either all delinquent principal or interest has been brought current or the loan becomes well secured and is in the process of collection.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

DEPOSITS

Deposits are used as part of the Company’s liquidity management strategy to meet obligations for depositor withdrawals, to fund the borrowing needs of loan customers, and to fund ongoing operations. Deposits, both interest- and noninterest-bearing, continue to be the most significant source of funds used by the Company to support earning assets. Deposits are attractive sources of funding because of their stability and general low cost as compared to other funding sources. The Company seeks to maintain a proper balance of core deposit relationships on hand while also utilizing various wholesale deposit sources, such as brokered and internet CD balances, as an alternative funding source to manage efficiently the net interest margin. Deposits are influenced by changes in interest rates, economic conditions, and competition from other banks.

Total deposits consist mostly of “core” deposits, which include noninterest-bearing deposits, as well as interest-bearing demand, savings, and money market deposits. The Bank focuses on core deposit relationships with consumers from local markets who can maintain multiple accounts and services at the Bank. The Company believes such core deposits are more stable and less sensitive to changing interest rates and other economic factors. Total deposits increased $54,489, or 4.3%, from year-end 2024 to $1,329,667 at December 31, 2025. The increase was related to higher interest-bearing deposit balances, which were up $62,741, or 6.6%, from year-end 2024, while noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $8,252, or 2.6%, from year-end 2024.

The increase in interest-bearing deposits came primarily from time deposits, which include CDs and individual retirement accounts, money market and savings deposits. Time deposit balances increased $95,848, or 24.3%, from year-end 2024. The increase came primarily from retail time deposits, which increased $80,809 from year-end 2024. The Company targeted growth in retail CDs by promoting special CD rate offerings during 2025 to assist in funding loan growth. The growth in retail CDs was supplemented by growth in wholesale CDs, which increased $15,039 from year-end 2024.

Further increases in interest-bearing deposits came from savings and money market balances, which increased $21,402, or 7.5%, from year-end 2024. The increase came primarily from money market accounts, which increased $17,425 from year-end 2024, impacted mostly by increases in the Company’s tiered money market product (Money Fund) that was introduced in 2023 and offers a higher rate on tiered deposit balances. Savings account balances increased $3,977, impacted mostly by the Company’s Sweet Home Ohio account that is part of the Ohio Homebuyer Plus program. The balance of the customers’ accounts participating in the Ohio Homebuyer program totaled $9,478 at December 31, 2025 compared to $6,775 at December 31, 2024.

Composition of Total Deposits
at December 31, 2025	at December 31, 2024

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

Partially offsetting the increases in time, savings and money market deposit balances were lower NOW account balances, which decreased $54,509, or 20.0%, from year-end 2024. The decrease was largely from a $27,468 decrease in the Company’s municipal NOW account with the Ohio Treasurer in relation to the Homebuyer Plus program. The Treasurer’s deposit balance is subject to the participating customers’ account being open. As the accounts close, which the account must be used within five years of the opening date, the Treasurer will withdraw $100 per account. Excluding this decrease in the Ohio Treasurer account balance, the Company would have experienced a $27,041 decrease in its other municipal NOW product balances, particularly within the Gallia County, Ohio, and Mason County, West Virginia, market areas.

The Company’s noninterest-bearing balances at year-end 2025 decreased $8,252, or 2.6%, when compared to year-end 2024 and represented 23.6% of total deposits. The stability of consumer and business checking accounts is important as these type of accounts are typically considered the foundation of the customers’ relationship with the bank.

The Company expects to continue to experience increased competition for deposits in its market areas, which could challenge its net growth. The Company will continue to emphasize growth and retention within its core deposit relationships during 2026, reflecting the Company’s efforts to reduce its reliance on higher cost funding and improving net interest income.

OTHER BORROWED FUNDS

The Company also accesses other funding sources, including short-term and long-term borrowings, to fund potential asset growth and satisfy short-term liquidity needs. Other borrowed funds consist primarily of FHLB advances and promissory notes. During 2025, other borrowed funds increased from $39,740 at year-end 2024 to $44,848, an increase of $5,108. The increase was primarily related to a $10,000 FHLB advance offset by the scheduled principal amortization of $4,992 for applicable FHLB advances. While deposits continue to be the primary source of funding for growth in earning assets, management will continue to utilize FHLB advances and promissory notes to help manage interest rate sensitivity and liquidity.

SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES

The Company received proceeds from the issuance of one trust preferred security on March 22, 2007, totaling $8,500 at a fixed rate of 6.58%. The trust preferred security is now at an adjustable rate equal to the 3-month CME Term SOFR index plus a spread adjustment of 0.26% and a margin of 1.68%. The Company does not report the securities issued by the trust as a liability, but instead, reports as a liability the subordinated debenture issued by the Company and held by the trust.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As discussed in Notes I and L to the financial statements at December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company engages in certain off-balance sheet credit-related activities, including commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which could require the Company to make cash payments in the event that specified future events occur. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. While these commitments are necessary to meet the financing needs of the Company’s customers, many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total amount of commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Management does not anticipate that the Company’s current off-balance sheet activities will have a material impact on the results of operations or financial condition. The Bank estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Bank is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit. At December 31, 2025, the estimated ACL related to off-balance sheet commitments was $871, compared to $582 at December 31, 2024. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for instruments recorded on the balance sheet.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

CAPITAL RESOURCES

Federal regulators have classified and defined capital into the following components: (i) Tier 1 capital, which includes tangible shareholders’ equity for common stock, qualifying preferred stock and certain qualifying hybrid instruments, and (ii) Tier 2 capital, which includes a portion of the allowance for credit losses, certain qualifying long-term debt, preferred stock and hybrid instruments which do not qualify as Tier 1 capital.

In September 2019, consistent with Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule providing simplified capital requirements for certain community banking organizations (banks and holding companies). Under the rule, a qualifying community banking organization (“QCBO”) is eligible to opt into the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) framework in lieu of the Basel III capital requirements if it has less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, limited amounts of certain trading assets and liabilities, limited amounts of off-balance sheet exposure and a leverage ratio greater than 9.0%. The new rule took effect January 1, 2020, and QCBOs were allowed to opt into the new CBLR framework in their Call Report beginning the first quarter of 2020.

A QCBO opting into the CBLR framework must maintain a CBLR of 9.0%, subject to a two quarter grace period to come back into compliance, provided that the QCBO maintains a leverage ratio of more than 8.0% during the grace period. A QCBO failing to satisfy these requirements must comply with the existing Basel III capital requirements as implemented by the banking regulators in July 2013.

The Bank opted into the CBLR, and therefore, is not required to comply with the Basel III capital requirements. The numerator of the CBLR is Tier 1 capital, as calculated under present rules. The denominator of the CBLR is the QCBO’s average assets, calculated in accordance with the QCBO’s Call Report instructions and less assets deducted from Tier 1 capital. The current rules and Call Report instructions were impacted by the Company’s adoption of ASC 326 and its election to apply the 3-year CECL transition provision on January 1, 2023. By making this election, the Bank, in accordance with Section 301 of the regulatory capital rules, will increase it retained earnings (Tier 1 Capital) and average assets by 75% of its CECL transition amount during the first year of the transition period, 50% of its CECL transition amount during the second year, and 25% of its CECL transitional amount during the third year of the transition period. The Bank’s transition amount from the adoption of CECL totaled $2,276, which resulted in the add-back of $569 to both Tier 1 capital and average assets as part of the CBLR calculation for December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the Bank’s CBLR was 10.1%.

As detailed in Note P to the financial statements, at December 31, 2025, the Bank was deemed to be “well capitalized” under applicable prompt corrective action regulations. The Company’s total shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2025 of $170,257 increased $19,929, or 13.3%, as compared to $150,328 at December 31, 2024. Capital grew during 2025 primarily from year-to-date net income of $15,601, less dividends paid of $4,287. This net growth was further impacted by an $8,615 after-tax increase in net unrealized gains on AFS securities from year-end 2024. During 2025, the sale of securities in an unrealized loss position and the increase in long-term market rates, caused an increase in the fair value of the Company’s available for sale investment portfolio. The Company presently has an announced stock buyback plan permitting the repurchase of $5,000 in stock. There were no shares purchased during 2025. At December 31, 2025, the cumulative amount of common shares purchased under the plan totaled $2,967 of the $5,000 permitted.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

LIQUIDITY

Liquidity relates to the Company’s ability to meet the cash demands and credit needs of its customers and is provided by the ability to readily convert assets to cash and raise funds in the marketplace. The Company manages funding and liquidity based on point-in-time metrics as well as forward-looking projections, which incorporate different sources and uses of funds under base and stress scenarios. Liquidity risk is monitored and managed by the Asset Liability Committee using a series of policy limits and key risk indicators are established to ensure risks are managed within the Company’s risk tolerance. The Company maintains a contingency funding plan that provides for liquidity stress testing, which assesses the liquidity needs under varying market conditions, time horizons and other events. The stress testing provides for ongoing monitoring of unused borrowing capacity and available sources of contingent liquidity to prepare for unexpected liquidity needs and to cover unanticipated events that could affect liquidity.

Total cash and cash equivalents, HTM securities maturing within one year, and AFS securities, which totaled $300,436, represented 19.0% of total assets at December 31, 2025 compared to $352,563 and 23.5% of total assets at December 31, 2024. The decrease in liquid funds came primarily from the $37,210 decrease in cash and cash equivalents and the $15,811 decrease in total securities. These funds were utilized to fund growth in earning assets.

In addition to the on-balance sheet liquidity discussed above, the Bank has established multiple sources of funding to further enhance the Bank’s ability to meet liquidity demands. The Bank has pledged collateral to the FHLB and the FRB to establish committed borrowing lines. At December 31, 2025, the Bank could borrow an additional $156,254 from the FHLB and the borrowing line with the FRB had availability of $41,891. For each of these sources, the Bank has established an internal limit of 85% of our borrowing capacity. In addition to the committed borrowing lines, the Bank has access to several wholesale funding sources, such as, brokered CDs, a $25 million federal funds purchase limit with two correspondent banks, and the ability to bid on available funds from select deposit placement services. The Bank has established limits for each respective funding source and a collective limit on all wholesale funding sources. The Bank’s internal limit on brokered CDs is 10% of total assets. At December 31, 2025, the amount of brokered CDs outstanding was 3.92% of total assets, an increase from 3.25% at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025, the Bank had utilized 37.62% of our FHLB capacity, a decrease from 52.21% at December 31, 2024. The collective internal limit on all wholesale funding sources is 40% of total assets. At December 31, 2025, the Bank’s total wholesale funding sources represented 11.89% of total assets, an increase from 11.62% at December 31, 2024. Based on the collective internal wholesale funding limit, the Bank had the capacity to borrow an additional $441 million in wholesale funds and the available funding from the respective wholesale funding sources exceeded this amount, which provides the flexibility to utilize one source more than another due to pricing or availability.

As part of performing liquidity stress tests, the Bank monitors and evaluates the exposure to uninsured deposits. Of the Company’s $1,329,667 in total deposit balances at December 31, 2025, only 35.6%, or $473,108, were deemed uninsured as per the $250 FDIC threshold. A portion of these deposits were related to public entities, which require the Bank to pledge securities or FHLB letters of credit to cover the amount of the deposit balance that is deemed uninsured. To the extent these deposits left the Bank, the level of unpledged securities and the borrowing capacity at the FHLB would increase or could be utilized to fund the deposit outflow. The sum of current on-balance sheet liquidity and available wholesale funding sources exceeded the balance of uninsured deposits at December 31, 2025. Included in on-balance sheet liquidity are AFS securities in an unrealized loss position. Although management does not intend to sell the securities before the recovery of its cost basis, they are a contingent resource from a liquidity perspective.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

KEY RATIOS

Table VIII

	2025			2024			2023			2022			2021

Return on average assets		1.02	%		.77	%		.99	%		1.06	%		.95	%
Return on average equity		9.83	%		7.50	%		9.24	%		9.86	%		8.45	%
Dividend payout ratio		27.48	%		37.98	%		38.56	%		35.39	%		34.25	%
Average equity to average assets		10.38	%		10.29	%		10.72	%		10.78	%		11.25	%

As our liquidity position dictates, the preceding funding sources may be utilized to supplement our liquidity position. If the utilization of wholesale funding increases to fund asset growth or for liquidity management purposes, the net interest margin may be negatively impacted due to the higher relative cost of these sources as compared to core deposits. For further cash flow information, see the consolidated statement of cash flows. Management does not rely on any single source of liquidity and monitors the level of liquidity based on many factors affecting the Company’s financial condition.

INFLATION

Consolidated financial data included herein has been prepared in accordance with US GAAP. Presently, US GAAP requires the Company to measure financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars with the exception of securities AFS, which are carried at fair value. Changes in the relative value of money due to inflation or deflation are generally not considered.

In management’s opinion, changes in interest rates affect the financial institution to a far greater degree than changes in the inflation rate. While interest rates are greatly influenced by changes in the inflation rate, they do not change at the same rate or in the same manner as the inflation rate. Rather, interest rate volatility is based on changes in the expected rate of inflation, as well as monetary and fiscal policies. A financial institution’s ability to be relatively unaffected by changes in interest rates is a good indicator of its capability to perform in today’s volatile economic environment. The Company seeks to insulate itself from interest rate volatility by ensuring that rate sensitive assets and rate sensitive liabilities respond to changes in interest rates in a similar time frame and to a similar degree.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The Company believes the determination of the ACL involves a higher degree of judgment and complexity than its other significant accounting estimates. The ACL is calculated with the objective of maintaining a reserve level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated credit losses over the life of an asset or off-balance sheet credit exposure. Management’s determination of the adequacy of the ACL is based on periodic evaluations of past events, including historical credit loss experience on financial assets with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. However, this evaluation has subjective components requiring material estimates, including expected default probabilities, the expected loss given default, the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on individually evaluated loans, and estimated losses based on historical loss experience and forecasted economic conditions. All of these factors may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent that actual results differ from management estimates, additional provisions for credit losses may be required that would adversely impact earnings in future periods. Refer to “Allowance for Credit Losses” and “Provision for Credit Losses” sections within this MD&A for additional discussion.

management’s discussion and analysis of

financial condition and results of operations

CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK

The Company maintains a diversified credit portfolio, with residential real estate loans currently comprising the most significant portion. Credit risk is primarily subject to loans made to businesses and individuals in southeastern Ohio and western West Virginia. Management believes this risk to be general in nature, as there are no material concentrations of loans to any industry or consumer group. To the extent possible, the Company diversifies its loan portfolio to limit credit risk by avoiding industry concentrations.

Ohio Valley Banc Corp — 10-K exhibit